The Effect of Custodial Sentences

What is the centre of custodial sentences on the noetic puff upness of five-year-old offenders in England jump ond amidst 12-17 years?Introduction(200 Words)There is widespread concern that the prison house environment, with its rules and regimes, may have a detri intellectual impact on the aff satisfactory wellness of early offenders, and those with intellectual illnesses in particular (Birmingham, 2003). The world health organization defined mental health as a render of well- world in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, dismiss cope with the normal stresses of life, faecal matter work productively and fruit dependabley, and is able to break a contribution to her or his community WHO (2014).That is, good mental health is one being generally able to think, feel and react in the ways that you request and want to live your life. But if you go through and through a period of poor mental health you might get under ones skin the ways youre frequentl y thinking, feeling or reacting become difficult, or heretofore impossible, to cope with. This can feel just as bad as a physical illness, or even worse.This query proposal ingest the precept for tactile sensationing into the effects of custodial sentences in the age bracket. superiorlighting the aim and objectives for a comprehensive look with method actingological justification and the need to scrutinize ethical submit issues in sur hardiness. Further much, termtable is been developed to facilitate for separate analysis and conduct of the question.Also, self-reflection in conclusion is adopted as a way of assessing ways of working and how the research proposal was conducted. Research texts (Gray 2009 Robson 2011 Saunders Lewis, 2012) organizationatically argue a clear research suspicion relievered by a convincing rationale justified by academic constitutions is essential for a good research project.Background and Rationale for the ponder (800 words)In spite of the fact that there is a growing body of writing on the mental health needs of young community in the justice system, there remain numerous un doed questions.In the year polish March 2016, there were 27,900 young sight sentenced in England.This number has locomote by 10% comp ard with the previous year, and by 71% since the year culmination March 2006. However, Community sentences including referral frames and Youth Rehabilitation Orders were most commonly oblige in 68% of sentences Youth Justice dialog box (2017).Children and young people in keep atomic number 18 three times as liable(predicate) as their peers to have unmet mental health need, with many having experienced binary distresss during their young lives such as neglect, abuse and maltreatment.Children in custody ar facing a evidentiary shortfall in mental health provision, with some given no access to psychology serve and having to rest more than half a year for treatment. Young offenders aged between 12 and 17, many of whom suffer with mental health problems, atomic number 18 being left with urgent needs unmet ascribable to reduced services in secure training centres (STCs) according to recent HMP inspections Youth Justice Board (2017).The 2016 Ministry of Justice review on small fryren who are in the justice system reported that significant numbers of black, Muslim and white working clear up boys in custody have mental and other health problems.These groups are particularly over-represented in custody, where over 40% are from black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) backgrounds, a large proportion have previously been in care 38% in Young Offender Institutions, 52% in Secure Training Centers, and more than a third have a diagnosed mental health disorder Ministry of Justice (2016). only children who come into physical contact with younker justice services are vulnerable by truth of their young age and developmental immaturity according to the prison emend trust The Priso n Reform Trust (2010).Many, however, are doubly vulnerable, that is, they are disadvantaged socially, educationally, and also because they experience a range of impairments and emotional difficulties.It is well established that children who offend have more complex health and support needs than other children of their age (Mental Health Foundation 2002).The health and upbeat needs of these children tend to be particularly severe by the time they are at risk of receiving a community sentence, and even more so when they receive a custodial sentence.If these children are not helped at an early age, they can be sentenced to a lifetime of declining health and deterioration anger behavior, with significant long term costs to the taxpayer, and to the victims of these crimes. Brief contacts with the youthfulness justice system are only one element of demesne intervention in the lives of these children and their families the role of schools, social care and health services are all criti cal determinants of improving outcomes Local Government friendship (2017).There has been evidence that suggest young that people within the youth justice system have high level of needs in a number of different areas, including health, education, and social and emotional well-being (Chitsabesan et al., 2006 Lader et al., 2000). In particular, studies consistently suggest that young offenders have high levels of mental health needs (Teplin et al., 2002) and neurodevelopmental disorders (Hughes et al., 2012).Even though evidence of high preponderance is found, many of these needs are unmet due to lack of appropriate screening and naming and poor continuity of care (Harrington and Bailey, 2005). This is particularly apparent amongst young people in custody. The British Medical companionship sets out with clarity and wholeness the human rights principles that provide the foundation for good work with vulnerable children in trouble with the law.The British Medical Association report makes it clear, that young offender institution and other places of youth detention are not full of happy, healthy children and young (BMA 2014,p10)Young offenders experience of abuse has been found to be significant instruments in their lives Beyond Youth Custody (2014).The majority of young rampageous offenders sentenced to custody had experienced both abuse and loss, suggesting that the existence of a reprise childhood distress may be a potent factor in the lives of godforsaken young offenders. However, it must be stressed that child abuse and loss are not the only potential causes of violent offending, nor does every abused child become an offender. Yet an unresolved trauma is likely to manifest itself in some way at a later date.Many children become depressed, disturbed, violent or all three, with girls help to internalise their responses and boys tending to externalise theirs. Such experiences are sufficiently familiar to warrant the introduction of systematic assessme nt for violent young offenders. Attempting to predict young offenders behavior without appreciation their underlying difficulties can result in unsuccessful and sometimes detrimental interventions.Failure to take account of experiences of trauma and its impact upon child development and emotional well-being provide choke the potential benefits of resettlement or rehabilitation work.According to the Centre for criminal offense and Justice Studies (2010) Justice Policy Review, the coalition giving medication published a green paper on punishment, rehabilitation and sentencing which promised a rehabilitation regeneration in relation to its plans for dealing with offending by young people, We must do better so that we can stop the young offenders of now becoming the prolific adult offenders of tomorrow.an emphasis on prevention, on corrective justice, and on informal intervention points to successive governments concerns about the juvenile prison population.They proposed altern ative to youth custody, part of their proposal was that Young Offenders Academy testament replace custodial environment, instead the focus go out be on community and localism, harnessing integrated education, mental health and family services in order to focus on the education and development of the children.Against a backdrop of high levels of custodial vulnerabilities mental illness experienced by young offenders (Bateman and Hazel, 2014 Association for Young Peoples Health, 2013 National Audit Office, 2015) it can be argued that this topic is noteworthy of a research. Most noteworthy is the need to understand what is working and not working in terms of understanding custodial related vulnerabilities mental illness among young people through reviewing literature so as to increase knowledge base in these areas of practice.Aim To explore the effect of custodial sentences on young offenders age between 12-17 years on their mental health in England?ObjectivesThe objectives of the proposal are To explore the prevalence of mental health which affect the children in custody age 12-17 in UK.To examine the overall mental health and psychosocial needs of young offenders custody and to identify how needs vary according to gender, ethnicity and spatial relation.To assess the impact of government policy in supporting young offenders in and out of prison.methodological analysis Justification (800 Words)The research will shackle primary and secondary method to evaluate the effects of custodial sentences on young offenders between the age group of 12-17 years on how being in custody affects their mental state. The most important factor in conducting secondary (qualitative) research is that replete information could be gather which might help in deciding whether or not there is need to conduct primary research.Qualitative research is associated with the social constructivist paradigm which emphasises the socially constructed nature of reality which Seeks to get out deeper meanings to human behaviour and emotions and the design of the research determines the sample, how data is compile and how it is dissect (Ritchie and Lewis, 2004).Whereas Primary (Quantitative) research Involves collecting and converting data into numerical form for statistical analysis and statistical analysis which enables researchers to determine to what uttermost there is a relationship between two or more variables, to determine the sample chosen, how data is collected and how the data is analysed (De Vaus, 2004).Information on the prevalence of mental health which affect the children in custody age 12-17 in UK, overall mental health and psychosocial needs of young offenders both in custody and in the community and to identify how needs vary according to gender, ethnicity and placement (custody versus community) and the impact of government policy and initiative in supporting these young offenders in and out of prison.It will look at studies and evidences and also look at alternative therapeutic on youths with severe emotional disorders due to custodial sentence. Government policies will also be look at. The decide is to test the hypothesis. Sufficient steps to critically evaluate the validity and dependability of the secondary data will be stress.In undertaking a qualitative research, various points of approach to sampling in qualitative interview-based research shall be access and critically analyze.The approaches which shall be engage are, firstly the defining of a sample universe by way of specifying inclusion and excision criteria for potential participation, secondly the deciding upon a sample size, through the joint consideration of epistemological and practical concerns, thirdly selecting a sampling strategy, such as random sampling, convenience sampling, stratified sampling, cell sampling, quota sampling or a single-case selection strategy for the avoidance of deflect, and ethical concerns pertaining to informed accede.The ext ent to which these various concerns are met and made explicit in a qualitative study has implications for its coherence, transparency, impact and trustworthiness. Hence the reason why theyll require tactful analysis. According to current practice for research in custody settings, the consent of the custodial director or from Her Majesty Prison Service (HMP) suffices and replaces enatic consent.Eighty semi-structured interviews will be carry out with key stakeholders to secure the structures of current service provision, and servicees involved in provision and outcome. This includes interviews with youth offending staffs, managers and staff within secure establishments, and providers of mental health services in the young offenders institutes. Between 20-40 percent of young offenders will also be question about their satisfaction with a variety of different services.All sampled children in YOI at the time of the piles will be invited to engage from to execute a questionnaire. E very effort shall be made to speak to distributively participant individually in order to explain the purpose and confidentiality of the suss out and the independence of the process.Both boys and girls who might need help to complete the survey due to literacy or language difficulties shall be supported with face to face questioning instead. Self-completed questionnaires will be place in sealed envelopes and collected within the survey time frame. The survey will be conducted to check into any child protection and safeguarding issues arise during the process could be preserve up, each questionnaire will be number so that any pertinent comments could be trace back to the respondent.Children shall be made aware of this.Google scholar, faculty member search complete, Zetoc and Academic premier will be use as the main search engines. Data base which will be accessed are IngentaConnect, Sage journals online, Science direct, The Cochrane library, and Social care online.Key words whi ch will be used in the search is custodial sentence on young offenders between 12-17 years on their mental health in England. Boolean Operators which use a simple words e.g. AND, OR, NOT will be used as conjunctions to combine or exclude keywords in a search, to enable result which are more focused and can produce productive results.This should save time by eliminating inappropriate hits.Ethical and stroke issues (400 Words)Bias is defined as any tendency which prevents unprejudiced consideration of a question. In research, bias occurs when systematic error is introduced into sampling or exam by selecting or encouraging one outcome or answer over others.Bias can occur at any contour of research, including study design or data collection, as well as in the process of data analysis and publication.In reviewing the literatures search, consideration to the degree to which bias may be presented shall be carefully analyze. Avoidance on how bias might influence a studys conclusions shal l also be consider.Writing this research proposal proved very difficult in commencing. My initial theme was that it would be less tedious in comparison to writing an essay. However, participate in lectures and engaging in class activities gave me the stamina and enthusiasm to engage in the process. Having not engage in such a process before was definitely going to be a challenge.I started by going through the lecture notes and the weekly lecture slides to be able to understand how to develop a research question. A research question helps you to focus on your research by providing a path to sail the research and writing process (Punch, 2006).Although I had partake in the corresponding lecture on how to develop a research question, yet my understanding was a little vague. I searched using the Google website using what I already had in mind and I came across an article from the Independent report talking about the mental health of young offenders. I and so engage with the literat ure search strategy to develop my question.Building on the research question helped me to develop the introduction which in itself was also not explicit. Again I turn to the lecture notes to guide me on that. matchless of the most difficult task in the process was developing the rationale. I struggle to understand the fundamentals on how to cultivate an effective rationale due to not fully understanding the important historical and contextual events which is vital in research and which informs the reader about why and how the research problem Im interested in exist.