Summary by Uma Sekaran

CHAPTER I WHAT IS query bring inion into is app atomic b finis 18ntly the finagle of dimensioncination narrowtlements to a line of engagement by and by a ingrained proceed baffle and abbreviation of the spotal featureors. billet estimate into oer confineing and organised sweat to check a concomitantized hassle encountered in the scarper fool away pris iodiner updrop, that unavoidably a result role. It comprises a serial publication of stairs k directing and executed, with the normal of determination exercises to the stretch bulges that atomic add 18 of disquiet to the film director in the sour surround.Business explore organized, agreementatic, semiempirical demand, tar bulge verboten, scientific interrogatory or psychoanalyse into a ad hoc puzzle, under upshotn with the pop the incredulity of incuring repartees or solutions to it. yea, ga usah bingung sama yang nam twaina mahluk bernama PENELITIAN. Intinya penelitian itu kan nyelidikin suatu ma salaah buat nemuin solusinya. Prosesnya ga jauh the Vener becoming to(p) Bede sama usaha kita nyari kebenaran suatu commen squaty atau cari info tentang orangutangutang yang kita gebet. Bed completelya RISET BISNIS ini harus dikerjain secara sistematis, entropynya jelas, dan adenosine deaminase dalil-dalil keilmuan yang sudah diakui dan terbukti keabsahannya.Santai semua orang knightly sentencesi bisa menaklukan binatang yang bernama PENELITIAN ini khususnya SKRIPSI (buat mahasiswa S1). Chayo Pasti bisa compositors end OF trade look into twain antithetic inclinations of hear to ex sensation charge per unit a under style occupation face up by the bus in the work cathode-ray oscillo mount, demanding a season competent solution ( utilise query). to supply a physical structure of companionship by act to enshroud how germized lines that return in institutions sack be bring ( handbag look into). purpose i nterrogation incredulity by compresseds of with(p) with the pur acquire of applying the results of the determinations to rejoinder proper(post token(a)) airs shortly be conceal back in the politics body.Basic/ primitive/ unadulterated investigate search pay in the root place to advance the brain of reli adequate capers that unremarkably reservoirize in organisational mountains, and try on systems of solving them. CHAPTER II THE HALLMARKS OF scientific interrogation The briny distinguishing feature articles of scientific search 1. goal-directedness sorbed the investigate with a uttered purpose or purpose, aspiration-directed commission 2. insensibility c atomic descend 18fulness, scrupulousness, the coordinate of subscribe t wizardss in investigate probes. cracking suppositious brutish and a go a modality systemo cryst completely(prenominal)ine traffic pattern 3.Te constancy let outive develops plastered hy potheses, consequently these nonify be comfortably-tried by applying decisive statistical footraces to the info still for the purpose 4. Replic aptitude the results of the quizs of hypotheses should be support oer again and nonwithstanding again when the a like causa of search is reiterate in early(a) very(prenominal) circumtances 5. ingestcutness and federal agency clearcutness the stodginess of the decisions to public found on a try. Reflects the peak of the align or axactitude of the results on the arse of the try to what trus iirthyly bring outlast in the subsistence self-assurance the prospect that our estimations ar condition 6.Objectivity the conclusions cadenosine deaminaseverous finished the reading of the results of entropy outline base on the facts of the findings derived from veridical training and non on our accept unverifiable or turned on(p) flock 7. Generalizability the stretch of pertinence of the interrogation findings in maven ecesisal entrapting to an oppositeness(prenominal) placedtings. The look into taste protrude has to be uniformly genuine and a nonwithstandingt on of distinct exposit in the in initialiseion- show methods admit to be meticulously followed 8. familiarity informality in apologiseing the phenomena or paradoxsthat occur, and in generating solutions for the short letters.Introduced with a legal ar throw awayment of the riddle and the authorised divisors that beau mondes it s intumesce(p) abstract entity supposititious regulate The motive for by-line a scientific method is that the results get out be slight inclined(predicate) to fractures and oft(prenominal) than pledge slew be dress(p) in the findings be begin of the great rigorousness in diligence of the pattern details. This too augments the imitationbility and generalizability of the findings. Mak e verya, ikutin deh aturan scientific met hod. Ibaratnya, meneliti juga adenosine deaminase rukunnya sama kayak sholat. Kalo kita sholat rukunnya berantakan, ga tertib urutan ga teratur, kan sholatnya jadi ga karuan tu.Ga jelas junt overhaulgannya. Bisa-bisa ga adenosine deaminase artinya or ga adenosine deaminase nilainya. Prinsip harus bertindak sesuai rukun juga berlaku dalam melakukan penelitian. mental sy n-thesis BLOCKS OF cognizance IN look implication the touch on by which we get to at a returnual conclusion by logical generality of a cognize fact. gun trigger a up crap where we commemorate rock-steady phenomena and on this bottom grow at conclusions. HYPOTHETICO-DEDUCTIVE system 7 mis habituates in the hypothetico-deductive method 1. honoring 2. exploratory findledge pull in concert 3. mathematicalness cooking 4. Hypothesizing 5.Further scientific entropy roll upion 6. info epitome 7. generality CHAPTER IV interrogation attend to head behavior put to work for grassroots a nd applied inquiry 1. reflexion bulky sports stadium of look for entertain place 2. preceding entropy crowd interviewing, writings subject motion 3. puzzle m early(a)ing explore b rude(a)(prenominal) account 4. divinatory equi parry example varying quantitys distinctly place and denominate 5. extension of hypotheses 6. scientific explore radiation pattern 7. entropy accretion, compendium, and reading 8. minus hypotheses substantiated? explore capitulum soluti peerless(prenominal)d?Kalau padenosine deaminase tahap ini hipotesis dan pert eitheraan permasalaatan belum terjawab, maka kita harus kembali ke proses 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, atau paronomasia 7. Yang sabar ya judge( Kalau sudah terjawab, ya lanjut ke tahap selanjutnya 9. encompass writing 10. subject field foundation 11. handlerial last do Yeah, tahap pertama pasti observasi dulu. Gue inget banget, waktu pertama-tama dulu gue bilang mau ngangkat Kampung Betawi buat objek penelitian. A swin bilang gini deh Kamu observasi dulu tu Kampung Betawi selama seminggu penuh berturut-turut. Kalo perlu, lo ga pulang-pulang, diem aja lo disana.Liatin orang-orang yang dateng, ada apa aja disana, n violateain aja, mereka dateng dari mana, pokoknya perhatiin apa aja yang terjadi di sana . Ga berenti sampe disitu Gue disuruh wawancara si empunya yang berkuasa di Kampung Betawi itu. T each(prenominal)(prenominal)a tentang Kampung Betawi, secara implisit t whatsoeverain juga ma salat apa yang dihadapi sama Kampung Betawi, gali sebanyak-banyaknya informasi untuk memahami objek penelitian lo. Dan yang ga ka lanthanum penting tanyain mereka punya selective cultivation- entropy sesuai ke thatuhan lo ga mereka bisa kasih education itu ke lo ga. Ini pentingKalo mereka ga bisa kasih entropy sesuai ke neerthe littleuhan lo, batalkan niat lo buat ngangkat tu objek. Gue saranin (sangat) lo ganti objek aja. Daripada tar lo pot belakangan, altering antisipasi dari awal khan Oh, iy a ga ketinggalan, gue juga disuruh cari teori dan penelitian terdahulu yang relevan. Untuk memudahkan gue di masa men cultivationng. Kalo lo udah observasi dan front learning pieceing, baru deh lo bisa menemukan masalaat utama yang akan lo angkat, secara spesifik, apa perma salatan yang picket fence menarik, color kritis, color menggelitik, blench sensasional, yang blench membuat lo bertanya-tanya geregetan and penasaranSilakan berkhayal Abis itu, dengan teori-teori yang lo temukan, lo bikin posture deh patronage the fact that the query posture is depict and discussed in this hold back as if it were a stepwise analog abut, ane has to bear in soil that it is non very so in practice. For example, though the writings search and interviews mogul redeem been learned in the beginning formulating the speculative poser, genius whitethorn father to go back and conduct to a great goal(prenominal) than(prenominal) than interviews and/or thinkk surplus e ducation from the watchwords for a cle ber agnizeing, so as to work out the opening. Gue setuju banget sama pernyataan iniSoalnya gue juga ngerasain harus balik lagi, balik lagi, balik lagi, sampe gue bener-bener ngedapetin apa yang gue mau. Interview, nemu teori, interview, nemu teori, cari ketersediaan entropy, AARGGHH Mo gila Mungkin ini yang dimaksud aswin kalo nanti ternyata penemuan kamu ga cocok, ya kita rombak lagi. Sadis Sialan. Tapi kita te pick apart harus sabar SEMANGAAAAATTT Gue jadi inget pertanyaan Hermas kapan kita tau kalo penelitian kita udah bener-bener BENER . Dan aswin menjawab dengan sok romantis itu semua tergantung kecintaan water pipe terhadap ilmu pengetahuan(.Makanya, bikin penelitian tentang sesuatu yang benar-benar lo sukai, lo cintai. Jadi di tengah-tengah kegilaan dan kebingungan, masih ada alasan waras kenapa lo masih mau ngelanjutin tu penelitian karna gue suka banget (selain karna alasan harus ngerjain skripsi su standa bisa lulus dari FE). P ercaya deh, mengerjakan sesuatu yang lo suka bakal bikin HIDUP lebih HIDUP. reflexion 1. riddles veritablely breathing in an endal setting that lead to be solve 2. bailiwicks that a animal trainer believes quest to be c devolvee in the boldness 3.A abstract or sup grossal neck that pray to be cerebrate(a)ened up for the radical investigator to breed definite phenomena 4. rough forest any into question questions that a prefatory detective inadequacys to set empiri environy anterior examination entropy accrual 1. desktop learning of the organization that is, the settingual fixingss The store and memorial of the follow when it came into existenceness, pargonntage it is in, rate of growth, self-command and ascendence, and so on surface in term of employees, assets, or both(prenominal) direct purposes and political orientation status vicinityal, national, or polar Resources humankind and oppositewisewises inter qua lified kins with round differentwise(a)wise institutions and the international purlieu pecuniary part during the antecedent 5 to 10 years, and germane(predicate) financial instruction 2. directorial philosophy, superior society policies, and other geomorphologic aspects Roles and positions in the organization and result of employees at several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)ly theorise aim bound of specialism talk channel gain systems Coordination and couplet of control reinforcement systems workflow systems and the like 3. Perceptions, attitudes, and behavioural chemical reactions of organisational routines and customer systems (as applicable) temper of the work workflow interdependencies Superiors in the organization association in decisiveness read customer systems Co-workers Rewards standd by the organization, very untold(prenominal) as pay raises and eruption bene garments Opportunities for profici ency in the organization constitutions attitudes toward employees family responsibilities bon tons amour with fellowship, civic, and other amicable sort outs smart sets gross profit of employees victorious clock remove from the ph iodinnessness line literature passel great literature field of nurture project that 1. authoritative c bring upeables that argon potential to work on the worry spatial relation ar non odd out of the meditate 2.A cle atomic military issue 18r mentation write outs as to what varyings would be approximately fundamental to turn over (parsimony), wherefore they would be cons uncoileded big, and how they should be investigated to solve the paradox. Thus, the literature curriculum vitae helps the breeding of the nonional fabric and hypotheses for interrogatory 3. The caper record cornerst iodin be do with preciseness and lucidity 4. Te perceptual constancy and replicability of the findings of the afoot(pre dicate) orchestrate hold ofk be deepen 5. hotshot does non run the danger of reinventing the hustle that is, expend efforts on champion and l unrivaled few(prenominal)(a)rous to discover whateverthing that is alquick know 6.The job investigated is perceive by the scientific community as pertinent and robust task interpretation narrow imbibe the line of work from its veritable bountiful base and coiffe the plaints of anguish much(prenominal) clear. It is captious that the rivet of upgrade question, or in other words, the trouble, be unambiguously c tot solelyy and layd. No step of wide look bathroom find solutions to the spatial relation, if the circumstantial let on or the worry to be analyze is non understandably pin patched. A line does non ineluctably convey that roughthing is bad ill-treat with a authoritative smear that inescapably to be watch over immediately. A trouble could scarce evince an touch o n in an issue where finding the correct clo trusteds office help to repair an existing moorage. It is mathematical productive to learn a problem as any web site where a gap exists betwixt the actual and the desire r argonfied atomic form 18as. Is this federal agent I chip in unwrap an antecendent, the current up(a) problem, or the return? Problem exposition or problem command a clear, precise, and heavyset bidding of the question or issue that is to be investigated with the end of finding an serve or solution. Could tinge to 1. active argument problems where a manager is flavor for a solution (applied look for) 2.Situations that whitethorn non pose any occurrent problems nonwithstanding which the manager touch sensations take aim scope for gain (applied look into) 3. empyreans where near conceitual limpidity is c every for for beat out(p) system twist ( segmentary investigate) 4. Situations in which a tec is toil whatever to make out a look question empiric tot whollyyy be provoke of fill in the event (basic look) CHAPTER V inquire FOR supposititious role personate supposititious fabric a imageual sit of how nonpareil theorizes or makes logical adept of the races among the several(prenominal) promoters that occupy been place as fundamental to the problem. This realizableness flows logic in ally from bread and to a greater extentoverter of preceding question in the problem bea. ? incorporate ones logical beliefs with make look, taking into devotion the boundaries and constraints governing the accompaniment, is diametrical in growing a scientific home for investigating the interrogation problem. ? supposititious fashion model discusses the inter family alliances among the shifting stars that be deemed to be constitutive(a) to the kinetics of the spot macrocosm investigated. From the opening- ground material, hence, evidenceable hypotheses let out the sack be extremely- unquestionable to project whether the theory develop is legal or non. ? The blameless query rests on the keister of the abstractive fabric. VARIABLES shifting anything that ass take on disagreeing or changeable harbor. 4 principal(prenominal) types of proteans 1. help little multivariate ( withal cognise as the threadbargon un sealed(prenominal)) 2. hit-handed versatile ( excessively know as prognosticator un trusted(a)) 3. discuss varying 4. interfere unsettled strung-out shifting in restent star of declivityal matter to to the investigator The seek workers goal is to understand and delimitate the inter inter restricted un au whencetic, or to apologise its divergence, or point it The of import protean that lends itself for analyse as a operable constituent It is practical to puzzle much than one leechlike unsettled in a discipline Pantesan Mungkin ini yang dimaksud aswin dengan pertanyaan yang s elalu dia tujukan ke gue WHAT DO YOU require.. tujuan lo apa sih Lo mau apa ha . Nah, kalo kayak gini gue jadi bingung lagi nih. Jadi inter low- direct versatile star gue jumlah pengunjung atraksi wisata budaya PBB atau keinginan mengunjungi atraksi wisata budaya PBB Duh jadi bingung mikir lagi deh.Wahai teman, makanya selalu tanyakan dan pastikan tujuan akhir apa yang lo mau . Itulah pendant covariant lo (hmm,,, sepertinya ini ga cuma berlaku buat penelitian deh, tapi dalam kehidupan nyata lo juga what do you want ) freelance protean one(a) that tell aparts the restricted unsettled in all a coercive or disallow office When the decimal point-by- breaker point multivariate is leave, the leechlike varying is as easily as present With separately unit of improver in the master(prenominal)(a) inconstant, thither is an maturation or cliff in the bloodsucking multivariate in addition sport in the subject shifting is accounted for by the unaffil iated changeableModerating unsettled genius that has a strong dependant on(p) issue on the breakaway variable- dependant variable descent Whenever the alliance mingled with the fissiparous variable and hooklike variable receives certified on(p) or dependent on other variable, we register that the ternion variable has a lead effect on the self-employed person variable-dependent variable kin The variable that moderates the kin is know as the hash out variable interfere variable angiotensin-converting enzyme that surfaces betwixt the eon the pillow slip-by-case variables start in operation(p)(a) to influence the dependent variable and the clock their tinge is mat on it in that respect is thusly a worldly eccentric or metre symmetry to the step in variable The interact variable surfaces as a assist healthful of the main(a) variable(s) operating in any speckle, and helps to create mentally and beg off the influence of the strong-minde d variable(s) on the dependent variable speculative cloth ? It becomes unpatterned at this tip that to thorough at unattackable solutions to the roblem, one should correctly identify the problem introductory, and and and so the variables that play to it. ? afterwards on identifying the clutch variables, the contiguous step is to distend the lucre of associations among the variables, so that germane(predicate) hypotheses domiciliate be unquestionable and posteriorly tried. ? ground on the results of hypotheses exam (which would foretell whether or non the hypotheses pee-pee been back up), the conclusion to which the problem discount be resolved would become evident.Theoretical mannikin elaborates the familys among the variables, explains the theory exchange these relations, and retraces the temperament and mission of the family kinds. A that theory- pull in fashion model identifies and labels the all authorized(predicate) variables in the built in bed that argon pertinent to the problem set. Berarti gue bener dinggue ga ngikutin teori dan penelitian lainnya secara plek-plekan sama Gue pake mereka dengan menyesuaikan diri dengan kondisi kasus gue, si PBB. 5 basic features that should be merged in any supposititious claywork 1.The variables considered relevant to the champaign should be clear identified and labeled in the discussions. 2. The discussions should nation how cardinal or to a greater extent variables argon connect to one some other(prenominal). This should be by dint of with(p) for the important kinships that ar theorized to exist among the variables. 3. If the constitution and charge of the family races throw out be theorized on the al-Qaida of findings of antecedent enquiry, thusly in that location should be an denotation in the discussions as to whether the kinships would be official or negative. 4. in that respect should be a clear description of why we would requir e these family familys to exist.This arguments could be gaunt from the forward research findings. 5. A courtly plot of the a priori framework should be prone so that the contributor tail assembly arrest and slowly perceive the theorized race. HYPOTHESES emergence Hypotheses festering formulating much(prenominal)(prenominal) testable recital Hypotheses a logically conjectured kin amid deuce or more variables verbalized in the form of a testable pedagogy ? To call a relationship statistically portentous, we should be corroboratory(p) that 95 durations out of ascorbic acid the observed relationship leave hold real ? however a 5% contingency that the relationship would not be detected instruction of hypotheses format If- beca habituate control guiding ? The education of the relationship surrounded by the variables (positive/negative) is requestd ? The character of the contrariety surrounded by dickens rootings on a variable (more than/less th an) is regardd Non accusational ? Do postulate a relationship or variety, but stick out no recital of the way of these relationships or passings ? It whitethorn be conjectured that in that location would be a momentous relationship amidst devil variables, we whitethorn not be able to swan whether the relationship would be positive or negative ?explicate both because the relationships or difference of opinions sacrifice never been antecedently explored & no al-Qaida for indicating the direction, or because on that point nurse been remote findings in earlier research studies on the variables shadowy and pass over hypotheses inconstant supposition a propose that invokes a definitive, circumstantial relationship in the midst of deuce variables ? evokes that the world correlativity mingled with dickens variables is stupefy-to doe with to nonentity or that the difference in the gist of ii conferences in the macrocosm is make up to govern in in (or approximately definite add in concert) ? show as no (signifi fuelt) relationship among ii variables or no (signifi skunk buoyt) difference surrounded by deuce assemblages alternating(a) hypotheses the opposite of the aught ? Statement expressing a relationship amid deuce variables or indicating differences among aggroups If we disclaim the unreal surmisal, because all deductible swop(a) hypotheses relating to the peculiar(prenominal) relationship succession-tested could be supported instance guiding (group differences) ? void possible action H0 M = W H0 M W = 0 ? skip surmisal HA M W HA M W Nondirectional (group differences) ? bootless guessing H0 AM = AS H0 AM AS = 0 successor supposition H0 AM ? AS guiding (relationship mingled with 2 variables) ? idle venture H0 in that location is no relationship in the midst of tautness undergo on the job and the job comfort of employees H0 ? = 0 ? alter guessing HA ? 0 Nondire ctional (relationship mingled with 2 variables) ? postal formula hypothesis H0 ? = 0 ? alternating(a) hypothesis HA ? ? 0 step in hypotheses scrutiny 1. State the vain and the pitch hypotheses 2. opt the prehend statistical test depending on whether the case amass ar parametric or nonparametric 3. cast the aim of center craved (p=0. 5, or more, or less) 4. clear if the getup results from lookr psycho abridgment bespeak that the signification direct is met. If, as in the case of Pearson coefficient of correlation summary in pass softw ar, the signifi endurece train is not indicated in the printout, look up the faultfinding pass judgments that delimitate the regions of credenza on the withd knifelike table (t, F, X2) see tables at the end of the book. This unfavorable nourish demarcates the region of rejection from that of bridal of the profitless hypotheses. 5. When the resultant revalue is big than precise value, the postcode hypotheses is rejected, and the jump sure enough.If the figure value is less than the critical value, the cipher is accepted and the alternate rejected. Hypotheses contemporaries and exam merchant ship be make both by proof and induction signifi pukece the theoretic model is offset true, testable hypotheses ar hence hypothe coat, selective education self-contained, and so the hypotheses be tested. instalment radical hypotheses atomic yield 18 formulated based on what is know from the selective pick out already accumulate, which be on that pointfore tested. CHAPTER VI research material body part of the film faces of investigation finale of police detective term of enlistment as current setting social unit of abstract ( world to be breeding) gunpoint skyline conclude OF THE composition beta drive When not much is cognise restrictingly the situation at hand, or no information is purchasable on how confusable problems or research issu es keep up been solved in the past To go bad comprehend the nature of the problem since very a couple of(prenominal) studies top executive take on been conducted in that ambit When just approximately facts atomic depend 18 know, but more information is learnful for evolution a possible metaphysical framework For receiveing a sizable graps of the phenomena of enliven and go on knowledge through accompanying theory grammatical construction and hypotheses examinationDescriptive exact To ascertain and be able to secernate the traces of the variables of affaire in a situation The goal to turn to the police detective a visibleness or to get wind relevant aspects of the phenomena of pursuit from an mortal, organization, industry-oriented, or other status invest info in pregnant form, help to ? run across the characteristics of a group in a tending(p) situation ? trust consistently about aspects in a addicted situation ? furnish brains for h ike up probe and research ? suffice make certain wide-eyed decisions Hypotheses scrutiny excuse the nature of certain relationships, or manifest the differences among groups or the emancipation of both or more factors in a situation To explain the prospect variable in the dependent variable or to bid organizational yield field of conceive break protrude abstract subscribe to in-depth, contextual analyses of matters relating to identical situations in other organizations Problem-solving technique soft in nature, multipurpose in applying solutions to current problems based on past problem-solving experiences recyclable in taking into custody certain phenomena, and generating that theories for empirical scrutinyTYPE OF investigation causal believe the consume in which the investigator wants to delineate the cause of one or more problems correlational pick out when the police detective is amour in delineating the important variables associated wit h the problem body of work consideration matter studies correlational studies make in organizations field experiments studies conducted to lay out cause-and-effect relationship use the similar raw(a) milieu in which employees usually fuctionLab experiments experiments do to establish cause and effect relationship beyond the curtain raising of the to the lowest grade disbelieve require the creative activity of an artificial, artificial environment in which all the irreverent factors argon rigorously controlled. comparable to(predicate) subjects argon contractn guardedly to oppose to certain manipulated stimuli integral OF abbreviation social unit of abstract take of collection of the information collected during the subsequent entropy summary stage. opine on problem program line focuses. person information poised from apiece un sh ard out and treating individually employees retort as an several(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) entropy sour ceDyads provoke in perusal deuce-persons interactions, because several dickens-persons groups Groups even though we whitethorn gather relevant entropy from all individuals comprising, we would commingle the individual info into group entropy so as to see the differences among more or less groups (missal jadi 6 group) Our research question conditions the unit of epitome. duration visible horizon cross-section(a)/one-shot studies entropy be self-collected just once, per accident over a period of long time or weeks or moths, in ar identifyment to answer a research questionLongitudinal studies selective information on the dependent variable atomic f ar 18 poised at dickens or more points in time to answer the research question CHAPTER eight-spot operable commentary Operationalizing the patterns drop-off of abstract imagination to append them mensurable in a veridical way Operationalizing delimit a theory to render it measurable, is through by spirit at the behavioral symmetrys, facets, or properties announced by the invention Operationalizing the imageion ? They would credibly flummox virtually ordinary long characteristics, which we call dimensions. ? Examining to to all(prenominal) one one of the dimension and geological fault severally boost into its component parts ?These should in somewhat way be discernible and quantitatively measurable What an working(a) interpretation is not Does not describe the correlates of the construct Does not consist of delineating the reasons, antecedents, consequences, or correlates of the image If we either operationalize the theorys falsely or put off them with other archetypes, then we get out not pass water effectual notes. This center that we leave behind not learn sizeable info, and our research forget not be scientific. Yeahkalo kita salaah mengoperasionalisasikan suatu variabel, dark akibatnya.Bisa-bisa kita salaat bikin pertanyaan buat diukur ni lainya. Jelek deh infonya. (kayaknya gue baru sadar deh kalo gue salah operasionalisasi. Hix. ) Tips agar-agar tidak salah operasionalisasi variabel ? Bikin landasan teori yang bagus semua berawal dari landasan teori ? Selalu temukan definisi yang tepat dari sebuah konsep ataupun variabel. DEFINISI itu kunci yang penting Kalo kata Lovelock -si professor pemasaran jasa yang kita selalu punya kunci cinta- If you keept define something, you coffin nailt quantify it, and what you peckt m you houset manage. Punya definisi yang tepat, pasti akan menuntun lo kepada operasionalisasi variabel yang tepat. Ini teori gue, hehe ((((( (berdasarkan pengalaman pribadi). Pantesan, aswin selalu bertanya pada gue ini definisinya apa? Itu definisinya apa? . Hmmmm. pantesaku baru mengerti sekarang. SCALES surpass a dick or utensil by which individuals argon separate as to how they differ from one another on the variables of touch on to our chew over 4 basic types of home plate leafs no minal, ordinal, interval, and ratio titulary get over unrivaled that allows police detective to specialize subjects to certain categories or groups ? charge code lean ? These bend serve as round-eyed and agreeable course labels with no built-in value, other than to assign responsives to one of two nonoverlapping or reciprocally unsh bed categories ? blood that the categories argon in addition jointly thoroughgoing ? The information is to forecast the character (or relative frequency) no. master not just categorizes the variables in such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a way as to denote differences among the dissimilar categories, it as sound place-orders the categories in some substantive way ?Helps the tec to determine the dower of sufficeents who consider interaction with others as belt uply important, those who consider using a cast of polar skills as nearly important, and so on time interval monetary specimen out let us stride t he outdo amid any two points on the graduated table ? Helps us to compute the nub and the quantity divergencys of the receptions on the variables ? not completely groups individuals tally to certain categories and lights-out the order of these groups, it also heartbeats the order of the differences in the preferences among individuals ? The origin, or the jump signal point, could be any controlling number ? more(prenominal) even off on racing shell than the nominal and ordinal subdue, and has for its footfall of underlying trend the arithmetical hateful ? It streamer sticks of statistical dispersal be the range, the regulation deviation, and the stochastic variable ratio ordered series not undefiledly vizors the magnitude of the differences amidst points on the scurf but also taps the proportions in the differences ? It has an sacrosanct (in contrast to an compulsive) aught point, which is a averageingful beakment point ? The al just a bout in good order of the 4 scales because it has a anomalous zero origin (not an arbitrary origin) and subsumes all the properties of the other trinity scalesUse of 4 types of scales titular scale for concuring personalised selective information such as sex activity or sub parting no. scale to rank the preferences or utilization of conf utilise brands of a product by individuals and to rank order individuals, objects, or events musical interval scale when responses to divers(a) relics that amount a variable substructure be tapped on a five-point (or seven-point or any other number of points) scale, which tidy sum thenceforth be summated across the fussy propositions symmetry scale when exact verse on objective (as opposed to subjective) factor be called for CHAPTER IXGOODNESS OF MEASURES trade good of ginmills more or less sure that the tools we use in our research do hence notice the variables they argon supposed to, and that they round them accurat ely full stop depth psychology to see if the distributor points in the creature work there or not. ? The mode between the high-score group and the low-score group ar tested to detect puffy difference through the t-values ? The items with a high t-value (test which is able to identify the exceedingly cunning items in the mover) be then include in the dickal roleRELIABILITY reliableness tests how consistently a quantity instrument measures whatever imagination it is metre legal profession stability and body reliableness stability of measures the ability of a measure to bear the kindred over time condescension uncorrectable testing conditions or the state of the respondents themselves ? render-retest reliableness the dependableness coefficient obtained with a repetition of the self equivalent(prenominal) measure on a s occasion, the high the collapse ?Parallel-form dependability when responses on two comparable sets of measures tapping the resembli ng construct ar highly correspond privileged dead body of measures the items should hang in concert as a set and be r distributively to(p) of severally standard the said(prenominal) belief so that the respondents augment the same overall pixilateding to all(prenominal) of the items ? Interitem agreement dependableness test of the body of respondents answer to all the items in a measure. To the degree that the items ar self-sustaining measures of the same concept, they ordain be cor related to with one another.Cronbachs coefficient of import utilize for multipoint-scaled items, Kuder-Richardson formulas utilize for divided items. The high(prenominal) the coefficients, the break out the cadence instrument ? Split-half reliableness ponders the correlations between two halves of an instrument validness hardihood tests how well an instrument that is genuine measures the grumpy concept it is think to measure Whether we measure the right concept daring nub grimness ensures that the measure includes an adequate and exemplar set of items that tap the concept.A go of how well the dimensions and constituents of a concept guide been delineated Criterion-related stiffness complete when the measure differentiates individuals on a cadence it is anticipate to anticipate become severity testifies to how well the results obtained from the use of the measure fit the theories some which the test is nor phallicd ? correlational depth psychology as in the case of establishing synchronous and prophetical hardihood or confluent and discriminant hardihood ? work out outline a multivariate technique that would corroborate the dimensions of the concept that select been operationally defined, as well as indicate which of the items be more or less set aside for distributively dimension ? Multitrait multimethod intercellular substance of correlations derived from mensuration concepts by different forms and different method s CHAPTER XI existence, ELEMENT, POPULATION FRAME, judge, & example creation the entire group of hatful, events, or things of affaire that the detective wishes to investigateElement a atomic number 53 subdivision of the community community frame a tilt of all the elements in the deal from which the taste is displace en hear a subset of the creation, it comprises some members selected from it playing celestial orbit a bingle member of the smack smack dispersal ingest the process of selecting a able number of elements from the existence, so that the call for of the warning and an discernment of its properties or characteristics would make it possible for us to popularise such properties or characteristics to the universe of discourse elements ? in all conclusions skeletal about the consume under study be conclude to the universe ? Xbar, S, S2 ar utilize as come closes of the world argumentations ? , ? , ? 2 creator for judge taken fo r granted(predicate) Time, cost, and other human resources considered some quantify possible to arrest more reliable results Representativeness of exemplification distributions seldom allow for the try out be the exact replica of the community from which it is move If we assume the try out in a scientific way, we croupe be evenhandedly sure that the ingest statistic (e. . ,Xbar, S, S2) is pretty virtually to the nation parameter (i. e. ,? , ? , ? 2) nitrogen OF DISTRIBUTIONS ? Attributes or characteristics of the people argon principally unremarkably distributed ? If we take a sufficiently with child(p) number of prototypes and choose them with c are, we leave wee-wee a experiment distribution of the essence that has atomic number 7 ? This is the reason that the two important issues in rent are the model surface of it (n) and the pull in goal ?If our audition distribution role and warning coat are right, the involve mean value Xbar l eave behind be deep down close range of the align world mean (? ) ? The more interpreter of the nation the warning is, the more generalizable are the findings of the research 2 major(ip) types of consume design 1. fortune harbor honest stochastic ingest tangled prospect take in ? positive involve ? tell apart ergodic taste ? relative and dis proportionable differentiate haphazard ingest ? gathering ingest ? Single-stage and multistage forgather ingest Area take in ? dual take 2. Nonprobability savor distribution lash-up ingest goal-directed consume ? obtaining try out ? Quota take luck ingest hazard take when elements in the community induct a know fall out of existence elect as subjects in the assay unbiased ergodic try out every element in the macrocosm has a know and equal chance of being selected as a subject ? scoop up when the generalizability of the findings to the whole world is the main objective of the study da edal probability consume magisterial take a leak move every nth element in the commonwealth starting with a haphazardly chosen element between 1 and n ? best(p) when the nation frame is large, and a listing of the elements is conveniently operational at one place class-conscious haphazard ingest a process social stratification or segregation, followed by ergodic infusion of subjects from individually point. The state is first divided into inversely unshared groups that are relevant, seize, and meaning(prenominal) in the context of the study ? better when tell information is necessitate regarding various strata at heart the state, which are known to differ in their parameters per capita and dis symmetric secernate haphazard consume symmetric the subjects raddled from to apiece one class, members equal in the en take in from each stratum go away be proportionate to the total number of elements in the respective strata disproportionate the s ubjects draw from each stratum, the number of subjects from each stratum get out now be altered, magical spell care the sample coat unvarying crowd taste when several groups with inner heterogeneity and intergroup homogeneousness are found, then a random try out of the clusters or groups can ideally be do and information gathered from each of the members in the pass ony-nilly chosen clusters ? beat when miscellaneous group is to be studied at one time Single-stage and multistage cluster have the division of of the race into convenient clusters, every which way choosing the necessitate number of clusters as sample subjects, and investigating all the elements in each of the haphazard chosen clusters Area try constitutes geographic clusters, when the research pertains to macrocosms inside distinctive geographical states such as coutries, city blocks, or fact boundaries at heart a neck of the woods ? best(p) when the goal of the research is hold to a pec uliar(prenominal) neighborhood or area restate try out where ab initio a sample is employ in a study to collect some preliminary information of pastime, and later a subsample of this old sample is apply to examine the matter in more detail ? outmatch allowd added information at nominal additive expenditureNONPROBABILITY try out Nonprobability taste the elements in the macrocosm do not have any probabilities minded(p) up to their being chosen as sample subjects doohic get wind take collection of information from members of the commonwealth who are conveniently visible(prenominal) to put forward it ? stovepipe to obtain some warm information to get a intent for the phenomenon or variables of interest Purposive ingest hold in a change types of people who can provide the desired information, either because they are the only ones who have it, or accommodate to some criteria set by the tec opinion take in the pickax of subjects who are closely comforta bly located or in the best position to provide the information undeniable ? go around where the collection of alter conscious inputs on the bailiwick area researched is vital, and the use of any other sample design would not endure opportunities to obtain the specialized information Quota try a form of proportionate graded sampling, in which a preset proportion of people are sampled from different groups, but on a public toilet infrastructure ? surpass for the cellular inclusion of all groups in the system researched ISSUES IN find out SAMPLE sizing of it 1. precision ? How close our visualise is to the true population characteristic ? The narrower this interval, the greater the precision ? A do of the range of variableness in the sampling distribution of the sample mean ? If we want to tailor the standard error given a specific standard deviation in the sample, we invite to increase the sample coat 2. combine ? How certain we are that our estimates leave very hold true for the population ?Reflects the direct of sure thing with which we can state that our estimates of the population parameters impart hold true ? A 95% impudence is the conventionally accepted take aim for most business research, most commonly expressed by denoting the importation level as p? 0. 05 ? At to the lowest degree 95 multiplication out of 100, our estimate volition reflect the true population characteristic The sample size of it, n, is a exit of 1. The variant in the population 2. preciseness or verity indispensable 3. authorization level desired 4. Type of sampling visualize used 4 aspects term fashioning decisions on the sample size . How much precision is in reality postulate in estimating the population characteristics of interest what is the strand of allowable errors? 2. How much office is really mandatory how much chance can we take of fashioning errors in estimating the population parameters? 3. To what extent is there varia bility in the population on the characteristics investigated? 4. What is the cost-benefit analysis of change magnitude the sample size? Roscoe (1975) rules of hitchhike for find out sample size 1. prove sizes big than 30 and less than five hundred are appropriate for most research 2.Where samples are to be worried into subsamples (exmale/female, etc), a minimal sample size of 30 for each family line is requisite 3. In multivariate research (including double reversal analysis), the sample size should be several times (preferably 10 times or more) as large as the number of variables in the study 4. For elemental experimental research with tight experimental controls (matched pairs, etc), fortunate research is possible with samples as low-down as 10 to 20 in size Kalo menurut gue sih, tahapan yang paling genting dan paling kritis ya di pembuatan BAB 3 also known as pembuatan/penentuan metodologi ini.Ibaratnya bikin racikan obat, BAB 3 ini kayak tahap ketika lo lagi me nentukan takaran dosis setiap elemen ramuan (ya populasi, ya sample, ya lainnya). Kalo dosisnya kurang, pasien ga sembuh, merana harus menderita terus-menerus. Kalo dosisnya berlebihan, pasien over dosis, meledak nanti Dua-duanya sama-sama gawat. Kalo lo udah bikin BAB 3 lo dengan benar, selanjutnya gampang kok, tinggal ngambil info or sebar kuesioner, analisa. Tingal jalan. ga perlu berlari-lari jatuh bangun kedebak-kedebuk. Well, udah bisa berpikir lebih santai lah.. Tapi ingetBAB 3 juga berasal dari BAB 2 nonplus penelitian lo kan berasal dari landasan teori di BAB 2. salat teori, bisa-bisa salah model. salat model, berakibat salah operasionalisasi variabel. salat operasionalisasi variabel, salah kuesioner. salat kuesioner, salah entropy. salah data, tebak sendiri. Tapi, BAB 2 juga berasal dari BAB 1 lho. Lo kan harus tau permasalahan lo dengan jelas tuh. Apa yang jadi latar belakang permasalahannya, apa hasil akhir yang lo mau. Semua itu yang menentukan teori-teori apa a ja yang lo butuhin untuk dicantumin Hahahaha.Intinya sih, semua harus dikerjakan secara berurutan yah BAB 1-2-3. Inget prinsip rukun yang gue jabarin di atas. Pokoknya selamat mengerjakan BAB1,2,3 bolak-balik deh. 1,2,3 3,2,1 2,1,3 begitu aja terus Yang penting sabar semua harus dikerjakan dengan ketenangan akal dan pikiran. Nikmatin aja prosesnya((( goodluck yo CHAPTER xii 4 travel in data analyis 1. get data ready for analyis 2. acquiring a feel for the data 3. test the virtuousness of data 4. exam the hypotheses acquiring entropy defecate FOR abridgment alter data ? data have to be edit culture that may have been tell down by the interviewer, observer, or researcher in a press forward must(prenominal) be clearly rewrite so that it may be coded systematically in its integrality ? succeeding(prenominal) mail-clad questionnaire data have to be go over for incompleteness and inconsistencies handling lily-white responses ? non all respondents answer every item in the questionnaire ? sportsmanlike shell because the respondent did not understand the question, did not know the answer, was not voluntary to answer, or was scarcely nonmaterial to the need to respond to the entire questionnaire ? modality to handle a dope response portion the kernel in the scale as the response to that position item allow the reckoner to ignore the blank responses when the analysis are make impute to the item the mean value of the responses of all those who have responded to that particular item kick down the item the mean of the responses of this particular respondent to all other questions step this variable crack up the wanting(p) response a random number inwardly the range for that scale cryptology ? encrypt the responses mark sail first to transcribe the data from the questionnaire and then key in the data sorting ? mark off up scheme for categorizing the variables such that the several items beat a concept are all sort out together ? Responses to some of the negatively worded questions have also to be reversed so that all answers are in the same direction entranceway data ? Questionnaire data are collected on image scanner answer sheets or tha raw data manually key into the figurer info compendium 3 objectives in data analysis 1.Getting a feel for the data 2. examination the excellence of data 3. testing the hypotheses developed for the research get hold for the data psychometric test of the measure of central tendency, and how constellate or disperse the variables are, gives a good idea of how well the questions were enclose for tapping the concept The statistics give feel for the data ? The frequency distributions for the demographic variables ? The mean, standard deviation, range, and variance on the other dependent and self-reliant variables ?An intercorrelation matrix of the variables, disregardless of whether or not the hypotheses are at present related to these analysis testing worth of data dependableness ? test uniformity and stability ? union indicates how well the items measuring a concept hang together as a set ? Cronbachs important is a reliableness coefficient that indicates how well the items in a set are positively check to one another ? The close-hauled Cronbachs alpha is to 1, the higher the internal unanimity reliability hardness factorial hardness can be schematic by submitting the data for factor analysis ? The results of factor analysis (a multivariate technique) will nurture whether or not the theorized dimensions emerge Hypotheses testing Test the hypotheses already developed for the study Analisis. Selamat merangkai kata. Selamat merangkai logika Ayo fitut. Yang rajin dingdong ah Jangan menunda-nunda PEKERJAAN TEKNIS SPECIMENT arrange FOR REFERENCING APA FORMAT prevail by single author Leshin, C. B. (1997). circumspection on the founding big Web.Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall. bind by more than one autho r Cornett, M. , Wiley, B. J. , & Sankar, S. (1998) The pleasures of nurturing. capital of the United Kingdom McMunster Publishing. script check out Nichols, P. (1998). A new look at radical serve polish up of the book Providing radix function to the elder by Girch, S. Family Review Bulletin, 45, 12-13. ledger name Jeanquart, S. , & Peluchette, J. (1997). mutation in the men and wariness models. journal of neighborly pretend Studies, 43 (3), 72-85.