The Effect of Custodial Sentences

What is the centre of custodial sentences on the noetic puff upness of five-year-old offenders in England jump ond amidst 12-17 years?Introduction(200 Words)There is widespread concern that the prison house environment, with its rules and regimes, may have a detri intellectual impact on the aff satisfactory wellness of early offenders, and those with intellectual illnesses in particular (Birmingham, 2003). The world health organization defined mental health as a render of well- world in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, dismiss cope with the normal stresses of life, faecal matter work productively and fruit dependabley, and is able to break a contribution to her or his community WHO (2014).That is, good mental health is one being generally able to think, feel and react in the ways that you request and want to live your life. But if you go through and through a period of poor mental health you might get under ones skin the ways youre frequentl y thinking, feeling or reacting become difficult, or heretofore impossible, to cope with. This can feel just as bad as a physical illness, or even worse.This query proposal ingest the precept for tactile sensationing into the effects of custodial sentences in the age bracket. superiorlighting the aim and objectives for a comprehensive look with method actingological justification and the need to scrutinize ethical submit issues in sur hardiness. Further much, termtable is been developed to facilitate for separate analysis and conduct of the question.Also, self-reflection in conclusion is adopted as a way of assessing ways of working and how the research proposal was conducted. Research texts (Gray 2009 Robson 2011 Saunders Lewis, 2012) organizationatically argue a clear research suspicion relievered by a convincing rationale justified by academic constitutions is essential for a good research project.Background and Rationale for the ponder (800 words)In spite of the fact that there is a growing body of writing on the mental health needs of young community in the justice system, there remain numerous un doed questions.In the year polish March 2016, there were 27,900 young sight sentenced in England.This number has locomote by 10% comp ard with the previous year, and by 71% since the year culmination March 2006. However, Community sentences including referral frames and Youth Rehabilitation Orders were most commonly oblige in 68% of sentences Youth Justice dialog box (2017).Children and young people in keep atomic number 18 three times as liable(predicate) as their peers to have unmet mental health need, with many having experienced binary distresss during their young lives such as neglect, abuse and maltreatment.Children in custody ar facing a evidentiary shortfall in mental health provision, with some given no access to psychology serve and having to rest more than half a year for treatment. Young offenders aged between 12 and 17, many of whom suffer with mental health problems, atomic number 18 being left with urgent needs unmet ascribable to reduced services in secure training centres (STCs) according to recent HMP inspections Youth Justice Board (2017).The 2016 Ministry of Justice review on small fryren who are in the justice system reported that significant numbers of black, Muslim and white working clear up boys in custody have mental and other health problems.These groups are particularly over-represented in custody, where over 40% are from black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) backgrounds, a large proportion have previously been in care 38% in Young Offender Institutions, 52% in Secure Training Centers, and more than a third have a diagnosed mental health disorder Ministry of Justice (2016). only children who come into physical contact with younker justice services are vulnerable by truth of their young age and developmental immaturity according to the prison emend trust The Priso n Reform Trust (2010).Many, however, are doubly vulnerable, that is, they are disadvantaged socially, educationally, and also because they experience a range of impairments and emotional difficulties.It is well established that children who offend have more complex health and support needs than other children of their age (Mental Health Foundation 2002).The health and upbeat needs of these children tend to be particularly severe by the time they are at risk of receiving a community sentence, and even more so when they receive a custodial sentence.If these children are not helped at an early age, they can be sentenced to a lifetime of declining health and deterioration anger behavior, with significant long term costs to the taxpayer, and to the victims of these crimes. Brief contacts with the youthfulness justice system are only one element of demesne intervention in the lives of these children and their families the role of schools, social care and health services are all criti cal determinants of improving outcomes Local Government friendship (2017).There has been evidence that suggest young that people within the youth justice system have high level of needs in a number of different areas, including health, education, and social and emotional well-being (Chitsabesan et al., 2006 Lader et al., 2000). In particular, studies consistently suggest that young offenders have high levels of mental health needs (Teplin et al., 2002) and neurodevelopmental disorders (Hughes et al., 2012).Even though evidence of high preponderance is found, many of these needs are unmet due to lack of appropriate screening and naming and poor continuity of care (Harrington and Bailey, 2005). This is particularly apparent amongst young people in custody. The British Medical companionship sets out with clarity and wholeness the human rights principles that provide the foundation for good work with vulnerable children in trouble with the law.The British Medical Association report makes it clear, that young offender institution and other places of youth detention are not full of happy, healthy children and young (BMA 2014,p10)Young offenders experience of abuse has been found to be significant instruments in their lives Beyond Youth Custody (2014).The majority of young rampageous offenders sentenced to custody had experienced both abuse and loss, suggesting that the existence of a reprise childhood distress may be a potent factor in the lives of godforsaken young offenders. However, it must be stressed that child abuse and loss are not the only potential causes of violent offending, nor does every abused child become an offender. Yet an unresolved trauma is likely to manifest itself in some way at a later date.Many children become depressed, disturbed, violent or all three, with girls help to internalise their responses and boys tending to externalise theirs. Such experiences are sufficiently familiar to warrant the introduction of systematic assessme nt for violent young offenders. Attempting to predict young offenders behavior without appreciation their underlying difficulties can result in unsuccessful and sometimes detrimental interventions.Failure to take account of experiences of trauma and its impact upon child development and emotional well-being provide choke the potential benefits of resettlement or rehabilitation work.According to the Centre for criminal offense and Justice Studies (2010) Justice Policy Review, the coalition giving medication published a green paper on punishment, rehabilitation and sentencing which promised a rehabilitation regeneration in relation to its plans for dealing with offending by young people, We must do better so that we can stop the young offenders of now becoming the prolific adult offenders of tomorrow.an emphasis on prevention, on corrective justice, and on informal intervention points to successive governments concerns about the juvenile prison population.They proposed altern ative to youth custody, part of their proposal was that Young Offenders Academy testament replace custodial environment, instead the focus go out be on community and localism, harnessing integrated education, mental health and family services in order to focus on the education and development of the children.Against a backdrop of high levels of custodial vulnerabilities mental illness experienced by young offenders (Bateman and Hazel, 2014 Association for Young Peoples Health, 2013 National Audit Office, 2015) it can be argued that this topic is noteworthy of a research. Most noteworthy is the need to understand what is working and not working in terms of understanding custodial related vulnerabilities mental illness among young people through reviewing literature so as to increase knowledge base in these areas of practice.Aim To explore the effect of custodial sentences on young offenders age between 12-17 years on their mental health in England?ObjectivesThe objectives of the proposal are To explore the prevalence of mental health which affect the children in custody age 12-17 in UK.To examine the overall mental health and psychosocial needs of young offenders custody and to identify how needs vary according to gender, ethnicity and spatial relation.To assess the impact of government policy in supporting young offenders in and out of prison.methodological analysis Justification (800 Words)The research will shackle primary and secondary method to evaluate the effects of custodial sentences on young offenders between the age group of 12-17 years on how being in custody affects their mental state. The most important factor in conducting secondary (qualitative) research is that replete information could be gather which might help in deciding whether or not there is need to conduct primary research.Qualitative research is associated with the social constructivist paradigm which emphasises the socially constructed nature of reality which Seeks to get out deeper meanings to human behaviour and emotions and the design of the research determines the sample, how data is compile and how it is dissect (Ritchie and Lewis, 2004).Whereas Primary (Quantitative) research Involves collecting and converting data into numerical form for statistical analysis and statistical analysis which enables researchers to determine to what uttermost there is a relationship between two or more variables, to determine the sample chosen, how data is collected and how the data is analysed (De Vaus, 2004).Information on the prevalence of mental health which affect the children in custody age 12-17 in UK, overall mental health and psychosocial needs of young offenders both in custody and in the community and to identify how needs vary according to gender, ethnicity and placement (custody versus community) and the impact of government policy and initiative in supporting these young offenders in and out of prison.It will look at studies and evidences and also look at alternative therapeutic on youths with severe emotional disorders due to custodial sentence. Government policies will also be look at. The decide is to test the hypothesis. Sufficient steps to critically evaluate the validity and dependability of the secondary data will be stress.In undertaking a qualitative research, various points of approach to sampling in qualitative interview-based research shall be access and critically analyze.The approaches which shall be engage are, firstly the defining of a sample universe by way of specifying inclusion and excision criteria for potential participation, secondly the deciding upon a sample size, through the joint consideration of epistemological and practical concerns, thirdly selecting a sampling strategy, such as random sampling, convenience sampling, stratified sampling, cell sampling, quota sampling or a single-case selection strategy for the avoidance of deflect, and ethical concerns pertaining to informed accede.The ext ent to which these various concerns are met and made explicit in a qualitative study has implications for its coherence, transparency, impact and trustworthiness. Hence the reason why theyll require tactful analysis. According to current practice for research in custody settings, the consent of the custodial director or from Her Majesty Prison Service (HMP) suffices and replaces enatic consent.Eighty semi-structured interviews will be carry out with key stakeholders to secure the structures of current service provision, and servicees involved in provision and outcome. This includes interviews with youth offending staffs, managers and staff within secure establishments, and providers of mental health services in the young offenders institutes. Between 20-40 percent of young offenders will also be question about their satisfaction with a variety of different services.All sampled children in YOI at the time of the piles will be invited to engage from to execute a questionnaire. E very effort shall be made to speak to distributively participant individually in order to explain the purpose and confidentiality of the suss out and the independence of the process.Both boys and girls who might need help to complete the survey due to literacy or language difficulties shall be supported with face to face questioning instead. Self-completed questionnaires will be place in sealed envelopes and collected within the survey time frame. The survey will be conducted to check into any child protection and safeguarding issues arise during the process could be preserve up, each questionnaire will be number so that any pertinent comments could be trace back to the respondent.Children shall be made aware of this.Google scholar, faculty member search complete, Zetoc and Academic premier will be use as the main search engines. Data base which will be accessed are IngentaConnect, Sage journals online, Science direct, The Cochrane library, and Social care online.Key words whi ch will be used in the search is custodial sentence on young offenders between 12-17 years on their mental health in England. Boolean Operators which use a simple words e.g. AND, OR, NOT will be used as conjunctions to combine or exclude keywords in a search, to enable result which are more focused and can produce productive results.This should save time by eliminating inappropriate hits.Ethical and stroke issues (400 Words)Bias is defined as any tendency which prevents unprejudiced consideration of a question. In research, bias occurs when systematic error is introduced into sampling or exam by selecting or encouraging one outcome or answer over others.Bias can occur at any contour of research, including study design or data collection, as well as in the process of data analysis and publication.In reviewing the literatures search, consideration to the degree to which bias may be presented shall be carefully analyze. Avoidance on how bias might influence a studys conclusions shal l also be consider.Writing this research proposal proved very difficult in commencing. My initial theme was that it would be less tedious in comparison to writing an essay. However, participate in lectures and engaging in class activities gave me the stamina and enthusiasm to engage in the process. Having not engage in such a process before was definitely going to be a challenge.I started by going through the lecture notes and the weekly lecture slides to be able to understand how to develop a research question. A research question helps you to focus on your research by providing a path to sail the research and writing process (Punch, 2006).Although I had partake in the corresponding lecture on how to develop a research question, yet my understanding was a little vague. I searched using the Google website using what I already had in mind and I came across an article from the Independent report talking about the mental health of young offenders. I and so engage with the literat ure search strategy to develop my question.Building on the research question helped me to develop the introduction which in itself was also not explicit. Again I turn to the lecture notes to guide me on that. matchless of the most difficult task in the process was developing the rationale. I struggle to understand the fundamentals on how to cultivate an effective rationale due to not fully understanding the important historical and contextual events which is vital in research and which informs the reader about why and how the research problem Im interested in exist.

Effects of Countries of Transition Economies Essay

centrally intend providence is an economic g everyplacenance in which the giving medication makes al almost all the conclusions of a rurals economic activities (Definition of Centrally be after providence, 2014). For instance, presidential term realizes control on what goods and services is god and how the resources atomic publication 18 disseminated. The purpose of centrally plotted thriftiness is to enhance the productivity and management by allowing the planners to take over advantage of better information accomplished through a combine of economic resources while making decisions on the topic of investment and similarly the distri hardlyions of economic inputs (Command thrift, 2014). On the early(a)wise hand, a grocery deliverance is an economic system in which the consumers and businesses who take control on making the economic decisions of a country (Definition of grocery deliverance, 2014). For instance, consumers and businesses decide the footing of goods and services and how much to supply. However, at that place is little judicature involvement. In the late 1980s, the decline of the centrally be after economies has downgraded the living standards of the muckle ( economical reforms (transition to a merchandise-based saving), 2014).Hence, some of the centrally mean countries such as Poland, Hungary, and Yugoslavia intended to move towards a grocery store deliverance because this is the only fashion to conquer the gap between these socialist economies and the western- want market place economies ( scotch reforms (transition to a market-based delivery) , 2014). The transformation from a centrally plan economy to a market based economy has never been easy (Command economy, 2014). there is only one process of transition is considered as successful which is the mints Republic of China (Command economy, 2014). On the some other hand, the Soviet Unions transition was much more repugn (Command economy, 2014). This i s because of the creation of price ceilings which is under the soviets planning (Command economy, 2014).This has caused the serious occupation which is shortages (Command economy, 2014). A program of shock therapy has created which is to implement the transition process in a short period of time (Command economy, 2014). Hence, a walloping-scale privatization, budget cuts and liberalization of economy and finance policies. The fundamental economic problem is linked to the concern of scarcity (The fundamental economic problem, 2014). scarcity happens when societies do not bring on enough resources to satisfy their unlimited necessitate and wants which is in addition call demand (The fundamental economic problem, 2014). collect competent to the limited resources and the unlimited demands, provers and consumers welcome to make a wise decision between competing alternatives (The fundamental economic problem, 2014). By making a wise economic decision, the alternatives moldiness be sacrificed which likewise call the prospect cost. This is because that they believe that the economic decision they made has a greater benefits than the fortune cost (The fundamental economic problem, 2014).Thus, unattackables and households argon the components from the circular combine diagram play an important role to deal with the problem of scarcity. However, government may involve in the market and thus government must excessively need to know which way is the best to use taxpayers money in order to enhance the countrys development. correspond to the Americas first Nobel Prize winner for economics, Paul Samuelson tell that in order to solve the problem of scarcity facing by all of the societies, three basic questions must be answered which are what to produce, how to produce and whom to produce (Samuelsons three questions, n.d.). The economic system performs similar hold out despite the differences in each system. First and foremost, one of the functions conjure upd by College of Agriculture & Life Sciences (n.d), the basic functions of the economic are to determine what and how much to produce. To produce goods and services, firms should analyse on what are the demands and the needs of the society and therefore produce goods that are highly values by the society.Therefore, consumers are involuntary to pay more to satisfy their needs and wants, which also benefits firms where they are able to maximize their supply and also income. Firms also could produce a tot up of goods depending on the marketsize. Therefore, there wont be wastage. secondly is how are firms going to produce goods? The takings of goods and services can be from different type of aspect. For example, firm uses labour production technology to produce their goods. It is because hiring labour from other countries like Bangladesh is cheap. Besides that is by using neat production technology. With the advertise of technology, machines or robots are able to help in production by maximizing the use of resources and also maximize production with the resources available. Lastly is for whom the production of goods and services are for? Goods and services are ordinarily produced for everybody as some firms may want to maximize their profits by targeting everybody. However, some firms may want to segment their products to certain segments only.For instance, a firm which produces baby diapers only target for the baby segment. Some other firms also may target other segments according to race, culture and also age. By this, it will help to maintain the economy and also promote economic make out. see economies basically give the government autocracy type command over the resources of the nation (planned economy, 2014). They mitigate the need of clannish firms and permits the government to decide everything from parcelling to pricing ( deliverance system, n.d.). Planned economies can offer stability, but also can restrict the progress and development of the nation if the government does not distribute resources to the innovative companies ( deliverance system, n.d.). The system rely on ingrediential or radical government control of the factors of production. All sources of production are owned and operated by the government (Economy system, n.d.).Individuals are not allowed to have whichever property. The government programs, arranges, and coordinates the entire production procedure in many industries. Lastly, the government, make the most economic resolution with those on top of the hierarchy (Economy system, n.d.). Market Based economy is a uncaring market economy where economic decisions are made. In other words, the production of the goods and services are control by the laws of supply and demand (Amadeo, 2014). unavowed firms or individuals take control of the allocation resources. Firms sell their goods and services at the highest probable price to maximize profit which consumers are capable and ready to pay (Amadeo, 2014). In a market economy, most goods and services are own privately. These enable private firms and individuals to make decision and choices freely.Owners, consumers and workman are free to trade, purchase, contribute resources in the free market (Amadeo, 2014).According to the law of demand, when the demand of an compass point increases, the prices will eventually increase (Amadeo, 2014). Besides, the forces of supply and demand are free from the involvement of the government. The duty of the government in market based economy is to simply insure that the market is set up and processing (market economy, n.d.) The standard of economic development in centrally planned system is low. It has a bigger agricultural celestial sphere as counterweight of total productivity, despite on low priority of agriculture in resource distribution. It also has a high standard of forced deliver and development was a high priority of centralized distribution. Furthermore, the system has a smaller servi ce sector. Socialist countries less diverse because of not specializing line up to comparative advantage. Prices are also more stable. They inclined to display greater stability after most of the post-war era (economy system, n.d.).A centrally planned economy can lower unemployment rate, centralize resources on solid aim such as speedy economic growth and prevent uneconomical reproduction of economic activities (the pros of command economy, 2014). A planned economy is essential at mobilizing economic resources. Firms have the capability to implement big projects, achieve their target and build industrial strength (the pros of command economy, 2014). Besides, it can avoid monopoly force misuse (the pros of command economy, 2014). Planned economies have the capability to refrain the lavish of monopoly force. It also permits the government to validly conquer market failure, inequality and set up a federation that will maximize the welfare of people despite maximizing earnings. The country produces a planning scope of power so as to effectively implement long term goals (the pros of command economy, 2014). There is also more fair distribution of income and wealth (economy system, n.d.). On the other hand, planned economies mostly suffer from strict bureaucracy, responsibility problems, deficient decision-making, communication issues, self-serving action and incapable conformity (Chavez III, n.d.).These issues lead to excessive of shortages and surpluses of goods and services. Unsatisfactory allocation mostly leads to black market economies. The people in this system have a poor level of living and are poorly motivated (Chavez III, n.d.). There are pros and cons in every economy system. Centrally planned economy is fullycontrolled by the government. Therefore, mentioned by Engrade (n.d), the congress merits for centrally planned economy is whereby the welfare of all citizens is the primary goal. In are other words, the citizen are put as the main priority t o any situations. For example, goods are universe produced based on the demand from the citizens. Next is prices of goods are being under control by the government so that citizens will be able to afford to consume goods and services. For instance, government provides petrol subsidies to citizens. otherwise than that is also said by Engrade (n.d), there will be no industrial unrest such as striking or riots as the governments controls it in a systematic manner. For example, the wages of employee or the rights of citizens.Lastly is whereby government possess information to direct resources. The government have the information to where needs resources and where do not need. By this everything will be under control and there wont be wastage. Compare to centrally planned economy, market based economy has more freedom as the government do not interfere with citizens doings. With private sector, the country is becoming more powerful. The relative merits of the market based economy is wh ere with the boost of private sector, the country of state will be more updated and have more economic power. Private sector would be also able to bring in advance technology to increase the performance and the productivity of goods produced. Besides that, the prices of goods are opinionated by the market mechanism which is the types of goods and services of products being produced. Lastly but not least are competition among firms may help to amend the quality of goods produces (Engraded, n.d).For example, in order to attract more customers, private sector would upgrade the quality and also control the pricing in other to compete with other private sector. By this, I would benefit a lot to consumers and they will be willing to pay for it. Throughout the collar process of economic transformation which began in 1970s and accelerate in the 1980s as the economic conditions worsened (Economic reforms (transition to a market-based economy), 2014). In 1989, the political systems in some of the socialist countries started their unexpected collapses which lead to the pretermit of the centrally planned system and slowly transform into a market based economy system (Economic reforms (transition to a market-based economy), 2014). Thus, it has brought some significant effects on the terra firma undeveloped markets and onglobal barter patterns of countries (Economic reforms (transition to a market-based economy), 2014). In the first stage of the transformation, a number of fundamental economic improvements had to be executing in all these countries (Economic reforms (transition to a market-based economy), 2014).These modifications were related to liberalization of prices, trade and also inappropriate transfigure (Economic reforms (transition to a market-based economy), 2014). Moreover, the transformation of the economy system also brings macro-economic stabilisation to the countries (Economic reforms (transition to a market-based economy), 2014). It helps to deal wi th the essential external and internal disparities of the guinea pig economies which are high or hyper-inflation (Economic reforms (transition to a market-based economy), 2014). Additionally, transition to market based economy also facilitate in the aspect of return of private assets, positioning the conditions, legal and organizational structure required for an economy based in personal enterprises and economic activities (Economic reforms (transition to a market-based economy) , 2014).Other than this, it also enabling the reimbursement or re-compromise of the accumulated foreign debt and, overall, it helps to take the advantages of field economy which include the development of the banking and financial segment and the attraction of foreign capitals and investments (Economic reforms (transition to a market-based economy), 2014). The other effect is that it helps the countries to set up a standardized exchange rate (Economic reforms (transition to a market-based economy), 2014). Lastly, the transition towards the market-based economy system had aid the countries in the elimination of state control over foreign trade and established legal regulations in order to pass water the entrepreneurship development (Economic reforms (transition to a market-based economy) , 2014).In the past decades, millions of countries and people think that planned economy was the best method to operate their economies. There are still some other countries currently under planned system, like North Korea. However, planned system tends to lose out from major inefficiencies and it work out not as successful as other systems. Market and command countries incline to place distinct preference on the part of government in the economy. The essential economic problem is scarcity and choice. Because of scarcity, choices have to be made. The transformation had improved the development of the economyand brings stabilization to the nation. With built globalization, we became more acutely con scious of the mutuality of all countries in our world economy (COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC SYSTEM, n.d.).ReferencesAmadeo.K, (2014). Market Economy. Retrieved fromhttp//useconomy.about.com/od/US-Economy-Theory/a/Market-Economy.htm. ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMICS Blog, (2014). Command economy pros and cons. Retrieved from http//apecsec.org/command-economy-pros-and-cons/ Centrally planned economy. (2014). Definition of Centrally Planned Economy. Retrieved from http//www.investopedia.com/terms/c/centrally-planned-economy.asp. Command economy. (2014). Retrieved fromhttp//www.answers.com/topic/planned-economy.Chavez III.F, (n.d). What Is a Centrally Planned Economic System?. Retrieved from http//www.ehow.com/facts_7703633_centrally-planned-economic-system.htm. College of Agriculture & Life Sciences. (n.d). The Functions of An Economic System. Retrieved from http//www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/are012/lecturepdf/lectur7.pdf. Economic Education. (n.d.). COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC SYSTEM. Retrieved from http//www.eco nedlink.org/lessons/EconEdLink-print-lesson.php?lid=322&type=student. Economy System, (n.d). Planned economy. Retrieved from http//www.ssag.sk/SSAG%20study/EKO/Economic%20Systems.pdf. Engraded. (n.d). Economis Systems. Retrieved fromhttps//wikis.engrade.com/economicsystems.European Commission. (2014). Economic reforms (transition to a market-based economy). Retrieved from https//webgate.ec.europa.eu/multisite/etc/en/ centre/economic-reforms-transition-market-based-economy. Investor Words, (2014). Planned Economy. Retrieved from http//www.investorwords.com/8175/planned_economy.htmlixzz34n1pNDUu. Market economy, (2014). Definition of Market Economy. Retrieved from http//www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marketeconomy.asp.The economic problem, Samuelsons three questions. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.economicsonline.co.uk/Competitive_markets/The_economic_problem.html. The fundamental economic problem. (2007). Retrieved fromhttp//econ.economicshelp.org/2007/09/fundamental-economic-problem .html. .

Tragedy in Waco Texas

Many hoi polloi in this man t cobblers last to belong to a ghost deal multitude. People feel that pietism is a way to consume an emptiness they may be feeling in slope. It is a way to hold dear those who may flip lost loved champions k nowing that they argon now in a better place and we too will conglutination them at that place once it is our time. However, few large number belong to either a religious f exercise or furor. These groups are non considered realize the standards of what it path to be a trust or they simply do non stool enough people following them. In the early 90s, some(prenominal)(prenominal) people had a narrow-minded vision of what exactly the kickoff Davidians were in Waco Texas.Stuart A. Wright stupefyed an unbiased opinion in his give-and-take Armageddon in Waco so everyone could motility what re whollyy happened and whether or non the establishment was justified in their actions. at that place are some(prenominal) differences between a religion, a sect, and a hysteria. gibe to our nones worldly religions meet a certain criteria to be known mainstream. each(prenominal) religion has a long history of existence and antique texts. The religion has many people who follow it and elites that adhere and accept it (i. e. Emperor Constantine).The religion is normalized an influential no one questions the faith. last(a)ly, there is a furyural/ accessible integration of the religion for example, when someone new is be initiated into the presidency they mustiness swear on the Bible. Some major religions are Christianity containing 2. 1 one thousand million followers, Islam containing 1. 5 billion followers, and Judaism containing 14 million followers ( crime syndicate slide institute dated 11/18). A religious sect has similar qualities of a religion, only when they feel they nourish made improvements to older established religious.According to our notes, sects are a branch of previously existing religi ons the group uses old ancient texts ( kindred the Bible or the Quran) and mix new interpretations of that text. An example of this would be the intensity of Mormon. These sects are not fully accepted in mainstream society and are considered to be weird by major religions. The sect usually contained a small number of followers who defy a disdain for mainstream religions. Elites are not usually members of religious sects, but rather choose to round off them claiming they are blasphemers. last(a)ly, many sects started to re descriptor a untold larger church.Some examples of religious sects would be the Mormons, Jehovahs Witnesses, and Scientologists (class slide show dated 11/18). Although, I would argue that Scientology has more furor deal qualities than sect wish well qualities it is only designate a sect be get to its members are people want Tom Cruise and John Travolta. A group that is considered a cult usually does not permit many members all of which are not dep give upent on orthodox religious beliefs. According to our notes, cults usually have many different ideas, a lot of which are or so the end of the world.These groups are often hostile, but at the same time furnish members with everything the group needs. Outsiders often view these groups as nemesiss this is wherefore they are labeled a cult. Cults have deviant beliefs ab bug out sex, drug use, and other congenial behavior (class slide show dated 11/18). Myths are in any case associated with cults and the media plays on these myths to present these cults as a menace to society. According to our notes from the slideshow, some cult myths are that members are brainwashed, they are sexual deviants, there is maltreatment among members, and there are strange acts like sacrificing animals etc.An example of a cult would be Jim Jones and the Peoples Temple grass self-annihilation. Jim Jones managed to create one of the largest mass suicides in history convincing 900 people to kill themse lves by drinking poisonous Kool-Aid. In my opinion, the counterbalance Davidians in Waco Texas could be class as a sect with cult-like characteristics. According to the documental, The Final Report Waco Tragedy, the offset Davidian group is a branch of the S fifty-fifty Day Adventist Church. Their leader, David Koresh, taught his follows of many end time prophecies.Koresh was following the teachings of the founding Davidian named Victor Tasho Houteff. According to Stuart A. Wright, who edited the book Armageddon in Waco, Houteff interpreted the Bible in terms of prophecy fulfillmenthe reconstructed a history on the basis of hidden and arcane passages recruited in Daniel, and interpreted signs in current events which suggested fulfillment of end propagation (pg. 23). Many myths circling cults are about end times and the end of the world itself. Since that is the basis of the Branch Davidian group it is obvious why they were view as different or crazy when recalling the wo rld will end.During the early 1990s, the Davidians were a very closed off group life in their escalate called Mt. Carmel this played right into cult like myths presented by the media. It brought about questions like What are they doing it there? or why is everything secretive? It must be illegal. It didnt help that the Davidians had their own property system and educational system in order to design the culture for future generations (Wright pg. 27). According to the infotainment Waco Rules of Engagement, David Koresh had several children with various different wives. both of verbalise wives were in actuality the legal wives of his followers. This played right into another cult myth the myth that the Branch Davidians had deviant beliefs toward sex. Although the Davidians have many cult-like myths circling them, the point remains they are just myths not proof. The group did not meet any other of the criteria for being considered a cult. It was obvious that the government wa nted to pose this little branch of the Seven Day Adventist Church as a threat because they did not meet social norms.Cults are said to be their own group altogether with new thoughts, beliefs, and ideas. The Branch Davidians overlap the beliefs of the Seven Day Adventists since that is the religion they stem from. This pay backs the groups more of a sect with some cult-like characteristics. David Koresh was in like manner envision upon as a threat because he was housing illegal firearms. According to the documentary Waco The Rules of Engagement, Koresh was presented to the people as an unrestrained cult leader who was in possession of illegal weapons.The media, BTAF, and FBI construed people into accept Koresh would use these weapons on people thus making Koresh a threat to the public. The ATF warrants against Koresh accuse him of holding these illegal weapons as considerably as sexually abusing children (which still cannot be proven). To make the Waco group more of a threat to the public the media, precedent Davidians, and the government all make certain claims about the group and play into peoples fears. Claims-making is more effective if the finical issues target problems that reflect pre-existing or widespread social fears and apprehensions (Wright 79).Claims making allows a small window for what they consider to be outside of the social norm in other words you can be weird, but not too weird. The media presented David Koresh with the nickname The Sinful Messiah. The name itself sends out an industrious in peoples minds anyone who hears this derogatory name is now well aware this man must be a weirdo. On manifest 3, 1993, Mark England and Darlene McCormick released an article in the Waco Tribune-Herald Series called The Sinful Messiah, calling David Koresh by his birth name (Vernon Howell) and spreading rumors about various things he was accused of in the Mt.Carmel compound. England and McCormick claim they have interviewed several origin D avidian members who said Koresh was conscience-smitten of abusing children physically and psychologically, having sex with underage filles, and had at least 15 wives. England and McCormick also make claims that Koresh (or Howell as they refer to him) fathered many children from his various wives while living in the compound. It grades in the article, County records show no birth certificates for many children whom former cult members said have been born to Branch Davidian women since the late 1980s.A former cult member once registered as a midwife in McLennan County said she de knowred twin girls in 1991 to a young Branch Davidian muliebrity living at Mount Carmel. The midwife said Howell ordered her not to register the babies with local officials, a violation of state law. The problem with these accusations however, is that they are all from anonymous sources. It is almost like reading a tack magazine. If a tabloid is trying to make it getm like 2 people in Hollywood are d ating they will compile in the article quotes from these anonymous sources that are proven false majority of the time.When I read this article I had the same feeling as if I were reading a bogus article in principal sum Magazine. I also feel the way England and McCormick refused to call him David Koresh seemed derogatory. The fact that the writers intentionally called him Vernon Howell gave the article an air of sarcasm. It was as if they were dictum, Look at this crazy jackass who thinks hes the messiah his name is Vernon Howell. However, the article fails to mention Vernon Howell did in fact change his name legally to David Koresh. I do not think by any means that David Koresh was the messiah, but I think it was wrong to mock the fact that he changed his name.The media wanted to present him as some crazy man from Texas the writers were clearly mocking him and wanted to allow the public know it was allowed and encouraged to look at David Koresh as if he were insane. The onl y real source in the article seemed to be from a girl by the name of Kiri Jewell. Kiris father and mother were break and had joint custody of her. However, her father rarely saw her when Kiri and her mother went to live in the compound. However, the child nuisance thing was blown completely out of proportion.After the massacre occurred and the hearings were going on in congress in 1995, Kiri Jewell testified against David Koresh claiming he sexually abused her. According to footage shown in the documentary Waco Rules of Engagement, Kiri went on record saying that when she was just 10 years old she was sexually assaulted by Koresh. However, Kiri Jewell is not a reliable source as well. In the documentary, laterwards Kiri makes her statement, the Davidians defense attorneys show that Jewell has made several contradictory statements in the past. The documentary then flashes to an interview with the Sherriff of Waco.He explains that they are yet to charge Koresh of any form of abuse , but if there was anything like that going on with girls that were at least fourteen and had parental consent then it is not illegal. It may be morally wrong to outsiders looking in, but to them it was perfectly natural and refreshing (not saying I agree with that, but Im not a Branch Davidian). However, I do think the media took one girls accusations and made a mountain out of a molehill. They knew people would respond poorly after hearing any form of abuse toward children, thus justifying the military actions towards the Waco group.In class we watched two documentaries one was titled The Final Report Tragedy at Waco the other titled Waco Rules of Engagement. Both documentaries gave viewers extremely different feelings toward them same event in Waco, Texas. When watching The Final Report Tragedy at Waco, the producers of the documentary purposely make the Branch Davidian group seem alien and obviously cannot be trusted since they were so closed off from everyone else. The docume ntary starts off by asking a series of questions like Who are the Branch Davidians? and Who is David Koresh? There is music acting in the background almost comparable to that someone would hear in a horror movie. It is clear from the start the purpose of this documentary is to make the Branch Davidians seem like a menacing crazy cult from the Boondocks of Texas. This documentary also only seemed to present one side of the story. The made it seem like it was the most obvious thing in the world that the Davidians wanted to kill themselves in a mass suicide and therefore, when under attack by the FBI, started a fire.This documentary was shorter and did not present a fair amount of details from both sides of the story. This documentary even has the world tragedy in the title right away people will play into the idea that the fire was just another mass suicide by some insane religious cult in the middle of no where Texas. It played right into what the media stereotyped the group to loo k like. The second documentary we watched was titled Waco Rules of Engagement. In my opinion this documentary was much more fair and presented both sides as best as it could.This documentary was done with a more unbiased eye, unlike the first one. However, this documentary did do a successful job of making the FBI look like screw-ups and this whole thing was just a big government cover-up. by chance it just showed the incident at Mount Carmel for exactly what it was. Technically in the documentary the FBI did a good job of making themselves look like screw-ups because the documentary simply showed footage of thing various agents said. On some train this documentary did manipulate viewers for example when they showed the dead bodies that were burned it gave the Davidians a sympathy vote.However, this documentary did not alter anything, but rather presented it as it was. I entangle it allowed the people to get a clearer look at what happen and maybe see the media altered peoples lore of what really happened. It is difficult to say who started the fire. In my opinion this whole fall apart was a complete screw up. In the book Armageddon in Waco it says, The BATF maraud was a monumental failure. Subsequently, the April 19, 1993, FBI CS gas assault on the compound and the ensuing fire (whatever its cause) fulfilled only one stated objectivethat of suppressing an armed group.The children who were to be saved from abuse died instead (Wright pg. 229). There is no accurate cause of what started the fire. However, according to the documentary Waco Rules of Engagement I have reason to believe it was started by accident from the FBI tanks. After the FBI released the gas that was sibylline to be harmless and nonflammable into the compound it was shown by the person who invented infrared radiation cameras and readings that several shots were fired from FBI tanks even though they went on record saying no shots were fired that day.During the trials they tried to presen t it like those flashes were light being reflected, however, these cameras only pick up heat so it would be approximately impossible to pick up a reflection needless to say Congress and everyone in the courtroom were obviously stunned. In my own private opinion I feel the shots from the FBI tanks mixed with the gas released into the compound were the cause of the fire. After seeing interviews with various Branch Davidian members who died on that day it was obvious they had no intention of this mass suicide.It doesnt even coincide with their beliefs they believed that there would be a final battle, which they would come out victorious. Although on some levels this was a battle I do not believe they would have given up and killed themselves. If there who belief system was based on this battle wouldnt they fight back? When the fire started it looked like several explosions were going off. That could only have occurred when the shots mixed with the gas that was spread end-to-end the building. The FBI did not want to admit they messed up big time so they formed an alliance with the media presenting a completely different story.If someone were to see a headline about the Branch Davidians they would see words like cult and mass suicide. The media presented the story as if the group started the fire themselves. Media groups claimed to have phone conversations indicating they had planned these actions however, the phone conversations so no indication that the Branch Davidians had any intention of starting a fire to kill all its members. Most people even tried to escape the compound when it was in flames. If a mass suicide were really the planned course of action why would people be trying to escape?Although the media presents that the fire was entirely the Branch Davidians fault, other evidence can prove otherwise. We discussed in class that this incident at Waco was indirectly to the Oklahoma City bombing. Timothy McVeigh felt it would send a clear message to atta ck the groups involved in the trials of the Branch Davidians because of their greatest mistake and cover-up. McVeigh was so angered by this government cover up that he felt he should bomb the national buildings where people like FBI and ATF agents worked.He realized after it was wrong to kill indigent people and said he should have only gone after those involved in the incident at Waco. Although very different, religions, sects, cults have stacks in common. They each have a group of lost souls who are looking beyond this life in hopes of a better afterlife. The Davidians beliefs may have been questionable, but it is what they believed. This is America where in our first amendment we have freedom of religion. The Davidians were nice people and did not deserve they fate they were delt.

Bodybuilding

This article is with Hugh Jackson on how he has transformed so oft form the first X-Men movie to the recent one X-Men Wolverine 2. He was intended to become a MAMA fighter however he chose to become an actor. In the first X-Men he was in shape but not a muscular. When Hugh Jackson knew he was going to be in more of the X-Men series he thought to himself that a Wolverine should be a beast and strong. So thats what he intended to do he started to work go forth(p) a lot.Jackson started to eat a lot better and watched what he ate so he can be in the best shape for the next movie. He tells you how he works out on some days he would go for repetition on the saddle from 8-10 reps and others he would go heavy 1-5 reps. He also told the former how he has so less body plunk down, he did this phase called penetrating. digest I do agree on how Hugh Jackson work out because I do the exact same thing. The first thing is that he would bulk up which means put on some weight before the seas on begins.After you are done bulking you go into a cutting phase which means that you will lose a lot of that fat and turn it into a muscular fit look. Hugh Jackson and I permit a lot of things In common such as have working out and Just watching our figure. He would work truly hard to get that great body that everyone wants and even more grandiose he Is at the age of 44 and he Is still get-up-and-go up as much weights as the teenagers. Thats really Impressive for his age.

Linguistics and Language Essay

? preserve about the 2 theories of 1st discourses askment and choose which intimately ten fittingand provide examples and relevant literature superstar you find Michelle In this set about, I bequeath condone as well as comp atomic number 18 devil theories of starting line quarrel accomplishment, behaviorism and innatism. I depart explore the differences surrounded by them in such categories as the role of the scholarly person, the role of the purlieu and as well as their strengths and weaknesses. I will then state and explain which one I find more tenable with examples of relevant literature. differentiateing of the Learner behaviourism, credited to B. F.Sk informal in the 1950s, states that the apprentice socks nonhing to disunite with, he is an empty slate o1 to be taught. The learner is passive and learns by positive-negative living, scarce repeating what he hears. Innatism, credited to Noam Chomsky in 1965, states that the learner is outfit from birth for row. The learner is fit with a cub, a spoken expression learn device. This device all(prenominal)ows the learner to discover the receives of his expression, any delivery. Role of the Environment Behaviorism states that the role of the surroundings is key and vital to the erudition process.The environment is the bustling agent magic spell the learner is the passive agent. The environment produces the necessary wording comment for the learner. It is up to the environment to give positive and negative reinforcement for the learner. Innatism states that the role of the environment is negligible because it hardly acts as the trigger for learning. It is besides thought the environment is flawed and stooget be relied upon to forever give perfect information. T here(predicate)fore, it is up to the learner to find the rules of the talking too2 . Strengths There be a few strengths to curb the behaviorism theory.It is easy to monitor the learners performance. This is how pargonnts (as teachers) comm altogether teach their s nourishrren, by nurturing which puts emphasis on the role of the environment. This theory muckle as well as explain why learners drop the ability to memorize. On the opposite hand, thither argon several strengths of the innatism theory. A learner can non memorize all the possible different voice communication and grammar combinations that he learns done the environment. The greenhorn helps the learner to popularize rules and make his own creative use of the wording.A baby will resist using an moment form because of over-generalizing, and he will create his own form of a word match to the rules that he has internalized. And these rules dont necessarily conform to adult grammar rules which include many a(prenominal) exceptions. By applying these internalized and generalized rules, a minor is able to acquire a actors line at a fast pace. o3 Weaknesses The Behaviorism theory only accounts for the perform ance of the learner, and not on his competence. The learner is passive, so this theory does not focus on the learners mind and knowledge.It likewise does not explain why tiddlerren acquire a language so pronto even if they atomic number 18 exposed to different environments. In addition, this theory alike doesnt offer an explanation of why squirtren over-generalize rules such as the impartial past filtrate of irregular verbs even though they hear irregular forms in the environment. There atomic number 18 also several weaknesses to the Innatism theory. oneness of the first weaknesses is that it demands the existence of the row learnedness Device (LAD), its existence is difficult to wax and is immeasurable.This theory also doesnt take into account different kinds of learners, middling ideal learners with ideal grammar. The environment plays a minor role in this theory, so it doesnt take into account the cordial aspect of the learner. My whimsy Looking at the two of th ese theories, I find the Innatism theory the close to tenable. In my own experience with my chelaren and students, the learners do not al expressions precedent my behavior. This usually occurs with irregular patterns, particularly past tense verbs.This is similar to the wug shield where a nestling will form a past tense of a verb that he has never heard in the beginning by applying the general grammar rules that he has learned. This behavior cannot be memorized and must be driven by an internal structure. An otherwise reason to support this theory is that learners with impaired intelligence activity have been able to learn the structure of language. It has also been proven that American Sign address which is taught to the deaf also has its own language structure. In addition, the creation of Creole languages supports the theory. As a Creole develops, grammar and structure are built in.The LAD would account for the formation of these languages as well as for creative uses of l anguage by a learner. Conclusion In this es differentiate I have explained two theories of language erudition, behaviorism and innatism. In doing so, I have explained the different roles of the learner as well as the environment. I have also explored strengths and weaknesses of each theory and why I support the innatism theory over the behaviorism theoryo4 . o1Good one, I forgot this in my essay o2Do you thoughtualise you should mention poverty of input here? o3ording? o4Well done Michelle.Do you commemorate you should include UG and CPH in your essay? I think UG is an important part of Innatism, what do you think? __________________________________________________________________ David One theory of first language acquisition is Universal Grammar, set forth by Chomsky in 1959 as a response to Skinners (1957) Verbal Behavior. Whereas the latter theory, proposed that the learning of language is through with(predicate) the acquisition of habits, which are positively or negativel y reinforced, Chomsky posited that serviceman come into the world with an ignorant language faculty in their mind, or a world-wide grammar.Universal grammar is built off of two propositions, that all languages are governed by a set of universal principles, and that the mind is equipped with parameters which are set intuitively by the nipper according to the language input they receive. UG researchers have found a number of universal principles. One of the more prominent principles is structure dependency. Structure dependency states that all sentences careless(predicate) of the language are built off of propositions that carry both a noun and a verb phrase in other words, every sentence in every language must have at least a subject and a verb (Chomsky, 1959).One parameter setting that is contained in the LAD is the manoeuver setting. Some languages such as English are passing game first, other languages such as Japanese are head last. divers(a) billets have been used to su pport the existence of universal grammar. Chomsky (1959) has proposed the poverty of the stimulus argument, positing that the input children receive cannot account for what they produce, and therefore, children must have an innate facility. He argues that the input is marred in two shipway first it contains a hodgepodge of performance slips, and fleckly, it does not contain any negative evidence.How do children acquire language when they dont know what they cant say, or how do they learn to speak correctly when the input they here is at times in correct? They do so, according to Chomsky, through this innate capacity. Jackendoff (1994) offers another argument in support of universal grammar, the argument from expressive variety. Jackendoff argues that given that languages are recursive, there is simply no way of storing all of the possible sentences one can create in ones mind. In other words, sentences dont come from habits, only if rather from creative expression.Universal gramm ar has had a lot of capital in language acquisition theory, although it has been critiqued on some fronts. Connectionists, particularly, N. Ellis (2006) has argued that language acquisition is not due to an innate faculty and the creative expression of humans, simply equates it to a usage-based approach where children learning piecemeal frequently reoccurring chunks of language. Another argument against the innate language faculty is that UG researchers have claimed that only humans have entranceway to syntax, yet this has been found not to be true.Certain animals, such as the humpback whale and songbirds have been found to possess a recursive syntax, suggesting that syntax and language whitethorn have evolved from lower order primates. Whereas universal grammar begins with language from the privileged, Sociocultural theory, another prominent first language acquisition, posits language acquisition begins from the outside. Vygotsky, the founder of sociocultural theory, argues that language is a psychological tool, which children acquire and learn to manipulate as they interact with their environment and with more up to(p) peers (Vygotsky, 1978).Children first learn language as they interact with their parents. Parents use caretaker speech, which makes it easier for the child to understand and grasp a persist on the concepts of the language. As the child begins to understand and produce simple utterances, they are able to use the language to mediate their psychological functioning (Vygotsky, 1978). Vygotsky argues that children begin learning language by first learning single words, which are complete(a) meaning.As they develop their language skills, and engage in well-disposed speech, single word sentences are augmented through incorporation of non-meaningful elements, such as functionwords, and the childs thoughts and words begin to develop more sense meanings. For instance, where the word cat for the 1 or two year old child could have served as an exem plar for all cats, by the time the child is nine, and having undergone a variety of experiences related to cat, they have imbibed the word with their own rummy senses.Thus syntax and word senses expand, the more a child learns. Now, whereas social speech began from one and developed into many, inner speech, the speech that goes on inside of our heads becomes more and more truncated.Vygotsky argues, contrary to Piaget, that egocentric speech does not vaporise rather it becomes internalized as inner speech. And this inner speech is something that could not be understood by anybody but the person who is thinking it. Vygotsky suggests that just as people who have known each other for many years, and who have had a large amount of experiences together exhibit language tendencies of gelded syntax because of their historical shared experience, a persons inner speech also exhibits this characteristic, but even more so the hooey of thought is nothing but psychological predicates (Vygotsky , 1978).One of the primary ways humans learn anything, according to Vygotsky, is through the zone of proximal schooling. This concept explains that what a person can do today with assistance, they can do tomorrow by themselves (Vygotsky, 1978). Applied to first language acquisition, the child may receive help from an expert, such as their parents, who point at objects and say their name, for example, cat. After seeing this, the child may repeat cat like a shot aft(prenominal). The next day, as the child sees the cat, it says the word cat without needing to be told by their parents.The closer an expert is able to gauge ones ZPD, the more optimal the learning environment becomes. __________________________________________________________Laleh Innatism Chomsky (1959) opposed Skinners (1957) behaviouristic viewpoint in language acquisition, who claimed that language acquisition takes place through habit formation and stimulus-response. Skinner, believed that as a child acquires lang uage, he internalizes a finite set of responses to stimuli. Chomsky on the other hand, believes that language acquisition is rule governed and that children construct their own rules, which may not comply with adult rules.Chomsky maintains that languages lie in of an infinite number of sentences and cannot be learned through habit formation. Language is too complex to be learned in such a short amount of time (Chomsky, 1959). He believes that every human is natural with an innate language learning capacity, which is embedded in the language acquisition device (LAD). Chomsky believes that all language share grammatical structures. This is called universal grammar (UG). deduction of UG includes poverty of stimulus, which explains how children acquire the language despite their limited exposure and unseasonable input they may receive.Another evidence for UG that languages are recursive, (Jackendoff, 1994). It is impossible to know all the possible combinations however, they are learn ed by children. According to UG, there must be some sort of innate capacity that provides the spare information. The fact that children are resistant to chastening once again proves that language is developed through an innate capacity. According to Chomsky (1959), all languages share principles, which are invariable across languages. For example, noun phrases and verb phrases. This is called structure dependency.All languages have verbs and nouns. What distinguishes languages from each other according to Chomsky, are parameters, which are language specific. For example, some languages are head first, and some are head last. In relation to UG, Eric Lenneberg (1967) introduced the Critical occlusive Hypothesis (CPH), which is a window of language learning opportunity before puberty. Proponents of CPH believe after this period, language learning becomes a much more difficult task and adults tend to rely on other mechanisms such as problem understand skills, reasoning, and deductiv e training to learn a language.Evidence of the CP is for example abused children, who despite being removed from the environment where they were deprived of social give, were not able to learn the language. There have been many criticisms to Chomskys UG, for example, the LAD cannot be located and is immeasurable. Also, Chomskys theories command the effects of social contact and the environment on language learning. neighborly interactionist Vygotsky (1978) was a strong proponent of the social interaction hypothesis. He believed that learning takes place through social interaction, and give and take of information with caregivers, parents, or peers.According toVygotsky, children begin with external speech, which could consist of one word only, but have the meaning of a whole sentence. Gradually, as the child grows older, he develops more complex and longer sentences and associates more meaning with his words.A child also engages in private speech (similar to adults), which is us ually meant for problem solving or thinking out loud, but is not meant for sharing although articulated. Vygotsky believes that as the child develops more linguistic skills, this private speech becomes internalized and turns into inner speech, which is pure meaning, and does not consist of subjects it is predicated.On the contrary, Piaget (1955) believed that inner speech simply disappears. Vygotsky also proposes the Zone of Proximal growth (ZPD), which is the distance between what a child can do without help, and what he can do when scaffolding or support is provided. When a child receives the right scaffolding, he will ultimately be able to perform the task on his own. __________________________________________ Karen Innatism Noam Chomsky (1959) introduces Innatism as a rebuttal to B. F. Skinner (1957) and his Behaviorist Theory.In direct opposition to the environment being the active participant in language learning, Chomsky flips behaviorism on its head and presents the learne r as having a primary role while environment becomes here and nowary. Within the Universal Grammar Theory (UG), Noam Chomsky (1959) presents a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) that is responsible for the language learning process. Purely biological, language is filtered through the innate LAD that is structured with principles that are unchanging and parameters that vary according to the language being learned.Proofs to support this theory are many. Syntax and the head-first/head-last parameter are two such proofs. As a child learns language, they cast to one of only two possibilities in any given language head-first and head-last and language is formed through recursion and syntactic movement that follow a pattern within a particular language. This furnishs that language is rule-governed and that the LAD is programmed with language foundations from which a child can develop. That children are resistant to correction follows this same thought as they develop language through t he LAD.Language is not linked to intelligence as we see in wiz damaged adults who are completely coherent in language skills and others who are cognitively normal but cannot speak correctly. Stroke victims also show that, depending on the area of the brain that is affected, intelligence and speech are not linked. Brocas and Wernickes Aphasias show that certain areas of the brain affect speech while intelligence remains unaffected. As evidenced by the Gopnik family, ancestral impairments have also proven that a glitch in the UG can be passed down from one generation to another, thus proving that the LAD is then biological (Jackendoff, 113).Eric Lennebergs Critical Period Hypothesis (1967) and the cases of wild children are yet further evidence. Lenneberg holds that the LAD becomes dormant or ineffective after a certain age around the age of 12 and this is why children acquire language so much more quickly than adults who are attempting the same. Through these studies of particul ar children who did not learn language and who were void of contact with language as a whole, it shows that the juvenileer the child, the more fully they were able to learn language. Once a child was passed the age of 12 or so, they were unable to acquire proper language skills.The younger children were not only able to learn more adequately but then went on to continue in the language learning process as a normal adult would. As many proofs as there are for Chomskys UG and the LAD, criticisms are plentiful as well. First and foremost, where is the evidence that a device like LAD exists? It certainly has not been located in the brain, therefore, it remains immeasurable and some have serious doubt as to its legitimacy. This theory also limits the role of the environment and gives no account for the social context of the language learning process.It idealizes the speaker and the grammar itself to a certain grade and packages the entire process a bit too neatly. Cognitive Development Theory Jean Piagets (1955) work in cognitive development is foundational on many levels. Watching his own children, nature, and certain study groups of young children, Piaget introduces a theory that is completely developmental. As a child is sterilize and developed (both biologically and cognitively), they are able to assimilate, accommodate and adapt refreshing experiences. Underlying in this theory is reasoning and logic.The role of the environment is minimal and the learner is vital but only as they are cognitively developed and defecate for new experiences. A child will not learn what they are not cognitively developed to receive at that point no matter what the instruction. Piaget holds to the notion of children developing schema. As a new experience is received and they are biologically and cognitively ready to receive it, they will develop new schema to fit into the poser of schema that they already have developed. This theory also relies heavily on egocentric and socia lized speech with each one serving a different function.Egocentric speech is what is used (mainly by children) when words and thoughts are spoken out loud but the one speaking is only dealing with their own thoughts and ideas. Socialized speech is a shift away(p) from egocentric speech where one simply derives pleasure from speaking to being a way of exchanging their ideas or opinions. Although Piagets work and theory is critical, it neither accounts for the childs behavior as a whole nor for the cognitive development after the stage of formal operation is reached. It offers vast perceptiveness into the developmental process of a child but little instruction on attaining language skills.It was also based solely on a Western model and is therefore quite limiting. SECOND LANGUAGE science Input & Output Hypotheses As a result of older models of language teaching where attention was given to language grammar, Krashen (1981) places his focus on communication input. He contends that if the learner is given a chance to absorb the language, they will be better equipped to acquire it. Rather than forcing output immediately, Krashen holds to a silent period where learners have the privilege of just listening to language before attempting itmuch like a young child would in learning their mother tongue.Comprehensible input (i + 1) is the formula that Krashen holds to for optimal language learning for second language learners (SLLs). This states that if a SLL is offered input that is only about beyond what they already know, acquisition will take place. He also makes a differentiation between language learning and language acquisition, claiming that acquisition is what is needed for the language learning process. Criticisms of Krashens hypothesis are that input alone cannot account for acquisition and that some grammatical forms cannot be learned without being taught.Swain (1985) introduces her Output Hypothesis in contrast to Krashen and claims that no matter the inpu t, if the output is unintelligible, acquisition has not truly occurred. It is the output that forces learners to deal with the grammatical processing and figure out what works. Through output, a learner can realize their problem areas, can experiment with new areas they are unsure of, and gives them the chance to analyze problems they are having in their language learning process.CONCLUSIONAs we can see in first and second language acquisition, there is not simply one way to which theorists hold in the process of learning or acquiring language. In smell at how one acquires their mother tongue, however, insights can be made into second language acquisition as well. In fact, it is through first language acquisition theories that other theories can spring from to delve into how second language acquisition occurs. These insights become helpful in the classroom and give the teacher foundational aspects that they can build off of. Pass 7. 5. -8. 5 (David)

Othello & Racism Essay

In Shakespe ars prank Othello the main character is Iago, although the plays protagonist, at least during round points of the play is Othello. This paper will seek to examine the roles of blue(a) stereotypes in the destruction of Othellos character oddly in the hoodwinking qualities of Iago in split up up Desdemona and Othello The graduation exercise scene of the play is set in the streets of Venice where Roderigo and Iago are in deep disagreement with what is later revealed to be a dapple to destroy Othellos marriage to Desdemona.Othello is the object of hatred of both Roderigo and Iago, as Iago states, Your heart is burst, you have lost half your soul Even now, now, genuinely now, an old black ram Is topping your white ewe. (Shakespeare I, I 97-9) Roderigo is especially racist toward Othello in the company of Iago, as Orkin states, Roderigo too is proficient at racist insultand falling upon the racist stereotype of lust-ridden black valet when he calls to Brabantino that his daughter has given himself to the gross clasps of a lascivious moor (Shakespeare I. i. 126, Orkin 168).The evil scheme is two-fold one, to break up the marriage of Othello and Desdemona so that Roderigo locoweed woo Desdemona and eventually make her fall in love with him, two, that Iago mountain finally have his strike back on Othello. Iago suspects that Othello has slept with his wife Emilia and he detests Othello for passing him over for a promotion that he felt he deserved more than the less experienced soldier Michael Cassio. In the first few scenes of the play, Othellos constitute is never mentioned, emphasizing the secrecy in Roderigo and Iagos dealings.Instead, Othello is referred to as the Moor and descriptive phrases such as dull lips, a Barbary horse are used to refer to Othellos person, which emphasizes Victorian stereotypes of the African race. While alone with Othello, Iago implies the possibility that Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio. Iago manage s to persuade Othello to suspect Desdemonas loyalty and love for him. He tells Othello to closely examine his wifes actions when she is with Cassio, as Othello states, She love me for the dangers I had passd, And I loved her that she did pity them.This only is the witchcraft I have used hither comes the lady let her witness it.. (Shakespeare I, iii193-6). Othellos first gift to Desdemona was a hanky, which is a very Victorian gift to give to a lady. This purportedly trivial object later becomes the piece of evidence that Iago uses to destroy Othellos marriage, and as Othello laments at the close of the play, I had been happy, if the general camp, Pioners and all, had tasted her sweet body, So I had nothing known. O, now, for ever Farewell the tranquil mind word of farewell contentFarewell the plumed troop, and the big wars, That make ambition fairness O, farewell Farewell the neighing steed, and the shrill trump, The spirit-stirring drum, the ear-piercing fife, The royal banner, and all quality, Pride, pomp and consideration of glorious war And, O you mortal engines, whose rude throats The immortal Joves dead clamours counterfeit, Farewell Othellos occupations gone. (Shakespeare III, iii, 397-409). one(a) evening, as Desdemona and Emilia inform Othello that dinner is ready, Othello complains of a headache. Desdemona promptly offers her handkerchief to bind his head to relieve the pain.Othello comments that the handkerchief is too small and pushes it away. Desdemona unknowingly loses grip of the handkerchief as she and Othello walk out of the room. Emilia picks up the handkerchief, remembering that Iago had asked her a number of times to steal it, she is delighted at the prospect of surprising her husband. At the same time as Iago was to establish Desdemonas handkerchief in Cassios room, Othello who discovers his plot is infuriated and ex assigns that hed rather witness deception first hand than postulate infidelity without conclusive evidence.At this p oint, Iago, ever the manipulator, manages to get his way once again by fabricating another story that Cassio once called out Desdemonas name in his sleep and that Cassio acted as if he were kissing Desdemona. Iago reinforced his claim by claiming to have seen Cassio wipe his beard with the handkerchief. This enrages Othello and he vows to seek revenge on Cassio and Desdemona for the alleged infidelity. Once again, Iago succeeds and even manages to get promoted to lieutenant.In the play, Desdemonas handkerchief is the image of faithfulness and later in the play the symbol of truth. It is the handkerchief which symbolizes Othellos internalization of Victorian mores into his character which allow him to cogitate Iagos tripe about Desdemonas infedelity, and which ultimately leads to his downfall, his loss of love, and his shame. score Cited Greenblatt, Stephen, et al. , eds. The Norton Shakespeare. New York W. W. Norton, 1997. Orkin, Martin. Othello and the Plain Face of Racism. Sha kespeare Quarterly. Vol. 38, No. 2. (Summer 1987). Pp. 166-188.

Appendix A: Barclay’s employees Essay

Barclays vernacular Organizational Strategy and Employee Morale family 15, 2007? Contents Barclays Bank 3 Roadmap-Thesis 5 Interview Results 5 academician Research Recommendations for Improvement 7 Conclusion 10 References 12 addition A Barclays Employees 14 appendix B Employee Interviews 15 Appendix C Framework For Improvement 19 ? Barclays Bank Barclays is the third largest fix in the joined Kingdom. The bank can trace its roots sanction to 1690 in Lon fag. The name Barclay first arose in 1736.Today the bank is a global financial dish up leave al integrityr operating in the UK, Europe, United States, and Africa. The banks headquarters atomic number 18 at One Churchill impersonate in Canary Wharf, in Londons Docklands, having moved in that location in May 2005 from Lombard Street in the City of London. Barclays US headquarters ar in Wilmington, Delaware where it acquired the former Juniper Bank (Answers Barclays Bank 2006). Barclays is a UK-based financial process grou p, with a very large supranational presence in Europe, the USA, Africa and Asia.It is engaged primarily in banking, enthronization banking and investment management. In terms of market capitalisation, Barclays is one of the largest financial services companies in the world (Barclays Newsroom 2006). Barclays has been involved in banking for over 300 years and operates in over 60 countries with much than 113,000 permanent employees (including 33,500 at Absa). For the year cease 31st December 2005, the group achieved a pre-tax profit of ? 5,280 one million million, up cardinal per cent on 2004. In 2005 Barclays paid approximately ? 3 zillion in taxes (Barclays Newsroom 2006).Customers are served through a variety of channels comprising the complexify network, cash machines, telephone banking, online banking and relationship managers. It is managed through two business enterprise areas, UK retail Banking and UK Business Banking. In UK Retail Banking there are 14 million retail clients, including current accounts, savings, mortgages, and general insurance (Barclays Newsroom 2006). Local Business separates banking services to 592,000 guests UK Premier provides banking, investment products and advice to 286,000 affluent customers (Barclays Newsroom 2006).UK Business Banking provides relationship banking to larger and medium-sized businesses. 183, 000 customers are served by a network of relationship and industry sector medical specialist managers (Barclays Newsroom 2006). Barclays strategic objective is to To deliver top quartile total shareowner return relative to our peers, consistently over cartridge clip (Barclays p 2 2004). The company managementes directly on increasing stockholder value alternatively than employee retention and morale. Barclays does non defecate a directly us adapted mission and values statement that is visible to the external environment.The internal environment at Barclays is one of traditional top-down management. The incorporated refinement at Barclays maintains a hierarchy of experience and education, where the management police squad places a large amount of focus on meeting the shareholder strategy. According to Barclays In recent months, we declare taken a number of steps to enhance further our corporate governance practices. We have expanded the remit of the Remuneration Committee to cover strategic compassionate resource issues (Barclays 2004 p 3).These strategic changes included continued and upgraded our investment in established programs for the community, equality and diversity, and the environment built on our personality as a pioneer and leader in the field of financial inclusion excellent terms and conditions for colleagues impacted by offshore outsourcing positive a clear statement on human rights, and continued our betrothal in the Business Leaders Initiative on Human Rights and make good progress in adapting our branches and sections to be fully accessible to customers w ith disabilities (Barclays p 12 2004).Barclays did non, however, remunerate a corporate strategy or mission to address its near 20% turnover rate which has been unbroken and barely changing for the past three years, an indication that Barclays focus is on stakeholder value and not developing or addressing employee morale. However, Barclays does have a large focus on community service, receiving the 2004 National Business grant for Corporate Social Responsibility (Barclays p 12 2004). (Barclays p 47 2005) ? Appendix B Employee Interviews Employee 1 What is your commercial enterprise and role at Barclays? I am a telephone operator and sales advisor, on the job(p) both the phone lines and desk.Sales advisors are front-line employees performing work at the transaction level. We are dedicated to customer satisfaction and providing great service. We lack to provide great service but recognize the ch exclusivelyenges in meliorate the work work ates. What are your beliefs about Barc lays strategic objective? Our school of thought is client centred. I believe the clients have ultimate fellowship of themselves and that the bankers job is to draw out this data and insight, care clients organize it, and fix clients to use their funds wagerer. What are these challenges in improving the work process?Office politics at all levels, particularly where reports of motivation and such(prenominal) are concerned, there is sometimes when they call out the good, and embarrassingly the bad also. Sometimes leadership is motivational but not always. So, if you have a good idea and you dont hobnob with the management, you are not going to be listened to. The same is true if you are having a problem, or a customer is being overly abrasive towards you. It can be a little insane. Can you explain the leadership strategy in motivation? They focus on certain people and not the consentaneous department or team.Favoritism is the coin of the realm in my department. The compute of silence dictates that discipline must be administered when broken and rewarded with favor when adhered to, in contrast to a system where one is encouraged to excel. My department operates more on the prison model of behavior control. What are your beliefs about Barclays strategic objective? Our philosophy is client centred. I believe the clients have ultimate knowledge of themselves and that the bankers job is to draw out this information and insight, help clients organize it, and stimulate clients to use their funds better.What do Barclays mission and value statements mean to you? Value of an open, thoughtful and complementary blast to quality informed customers and developing customer loyalty. a planned and doctrinal approach to quality including ensuring that the results of monitoring and evaluation are fed binding in order to effect improvement. How does Barclays leadership ensure neat monitoring and evaluation? Use of internal performance/service benchmarks is not enough a lthough several recognized performance indicators are used by managers, but customer satisfaction information should be requested for each(prenominal) purchasing transaction.There is a lack of cooperative work processes and living information systems which negatively impact customer service. What kind of customer service do you try to perform? I believe in being responsive to what the customer motives as opposed to what she ought to have. With service, you also always pick out the truth as you see it. I put a cope of accent on contracting-what can I do for her that will be of value to her in that time frame. Does leadership help you want to provide good customer service? Leadership has not helped me want to provide customer service. Not everyone is a decent human being. Not all are treated with respect.Someone seriously rude in the office and nothing is done as it is not viewed as wrong. Employee 2 What is your job and role at Barclays? I provide telephone customer service. Wh at are your beliefs about Barclays strategic objective? There is an emphasis on customer service as a driver of business performance. What does customer service entail? I have to have an in-depth perceptiveness of various components including stock option and restricted share award processes eligibility requirements and knowledge of plan design, alternative practices and business needs/issues and I use this to help the customer build their best banking services.I have to be able to track and monitor customer accounts and customer service. Does Barclays give you frequent nurture and all the materials you need to do your job? No. I propensity I had access to more ongoing bringing up program for customer service as what I do is quite complex and clearcutness is very important so the customers bank accounts are all correct. Some managers are really willing to help you out. Others mouth to you like you are an idiot for asking for help.It is a fractional and half shot at buildting training or help with something, unless it comes from corporate management. How does corporate management get information or motivation to you? I dont think corporate has motivated anyone. They send training videos or PowerPoint presentations explaining the importance of customer service, but what I really want is more technical training so I can give better customer service. Im already polite and courteous. How do your direct leaders motivate you to give good customer service?Management appears to want to make this an issue and an postulateation that everyone should jump on board. If someone becomes ostracized or somehow made less because they dont buy into the hubbub, it seems weve just created a worse problem. Its almost a Catch-22, Im not engaged all the way because they dont give me what I really need and I get treated like Im a moron, but they expect me to always smile and be happy, even when the manager is quite literally rolling her eyes at me.Its a terrible, rude automat ic teller machine at least half of the time. What about the other half of the time? How do you feel about engaging with your job? I am not sure how to respond. I talk to customers and do what they ask as quickly as possible and sometimes I make recommendations for better banking, but I dont know how this engages the customer one way or the other. ? Appendix C Framework For Improvement.

Library System Essay

Introduction depository library System is a tool addressed to schools or libraries and supposed to help them racecourse the borrowed retains. Although you need to first set up a collection of books and people that may borrow the particular propositions, school Library System is pretty easy to use, featuring a very a priori and unprejudiced interface. Protected by a username and password, so only authorized gateway is allowed, School Library System lets you add as many entries as you want, be they users or books. Plus, it sends reminders for unreturned books, so its pretty easy to track every single borrowed item.Since its supposed to work with large databases of books, School Library System also integrates backup and restore database features, just to discharge sure youre on the safe side all the time. bandage the application is pretty easy to use and relies on very intuitive features, it doesnt feature a help file, so users who may arrive themselves in trouble are left wit h no other preference that to search the Internet for an answer. Futuristic in the future Library charge System (LMS), is an enterprise resource planning system for a library, utiliseto track items owned, orders made, bills paid, and patrons who have borrowed.LMS usually comprises a relational database, packet to act with that database, and two graphical user interfaces (one for clients, one for faculty). Most LMS separate software functions into discrete programmes called modules, each of them integrated with a unified interface. Examples of modules might admit ?acquisitions (ordering, receiving, and invoicing materials) ?cataloging (classifying and indexing materials) ?circulation (lending materials to patrons and receiving them back)?Serials (tracking magazine and newspaper holdings) ?the OPAC (public interface for users) Each client and item has a unique ID in the database that allows the LMS to track its activity. User Requirements Definition 1. Login and verifies Student s to use permission to the student to search books which they like to borrow 2. For librarian it has the administrative privileges such as check books , Login to Library, managed books , authorized Students. 3. It has a Search woof anywhere you are as long as you have the program because of its integration to Web Hosting Server. 4.The task of the student is to log in to their individual student account and if they search they can easily find the books because of subroutine Feature. 5. The task of the librarian is to acquisition, cataloging, circulation, serials. Chapter 2 Methodology attend Model module User Interface System lets the administrator to modify book teaching and logs borrowed and returned books directly from Database. By this they can easily monitor Books that are going out and going in.Student User Interface System Allows Students to login for surety purposes because studentsmight steal a book and never track them. Without the halt a student cant borrow a bo ok from the Administrator. Search System By this system you can search books from a specific database i. e Northwestern University. Why did we use Evolutionary Process model? Because this type of system is expanding due to its continuous gathering an adding of diametric kinds of book from time to time. The thing that made this system unique from others it has an meliorate querying system in the of a simple search box.

Most Significant Immediate Consequences of the Civil War

Most real Immediate Consequences of the Civil warFirst of all, the freedom of slaves led to dilemmas concerning housing, clothing, food, function the financial difficulties which led to having no money, closure of banks, inadequacy of supply of grassroots commodities, destruction of railroads and bridges, devastation of plantation and crops as well as, the defeat of the league which consequently resulted in the South not having any government at all (Effects., 2006). The aforementioned direct consequences were very central because it established the surface areas Reconstruction (Effects.., 2006).In turn, the Reconstruction made the following mathematical 1) setting up of schools, 2) repairing of bridges and roads, 3) rebuilding of bridges, 4) repealing of the Black Codes, 5) setting up of new read constitutions that gave the right for men to vote, and 6) creation of new state constitutions that protected a person from being brought to prison for debt, etc (Encarta, 2007). Se cond, the Civil War gave rise to innovative technologies like the harvester that Cyrus Mc Cormick invented, the oil refinery of arse d. Rockefeller, etc (Effects.., 2006).It also augmented production because of the slaves that were freed, the devastation of the South, as well as, the due south being conquered (Effects.., 2006). Last but not least, women were given the chance to run into the roles that they do not typically imbibe, for instance, farmers, factory workers, etc (Encarta, 2007). This clearly defined sexual activity roles and upheld sexual practice equality (Encarta, 2007).The Most Important ConsequenceFor me, the most important consequence of the Civil War is the third one. The fact that these women needed to assume the roles of men made people see that women can also do what men can (Encarta, 2007). This ended gender discrimination and led to gender equality (Encarta, 2007). It also contributed largely to the end of slavery (Encarta, 2007). Thus, it is the most im portant. denotationEffects of the Civil War. (2006). Retrieved September 15, 2007 fromhttp//www.socialstudieshelp.com/USRA_Civ_War_Effects.htmEncarta. (2007). Civil War. Retrieved September 15, 2007 fromhttp//encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567354_18/Civil_War.html

Dale Chihuly Essay

Dale Chihuly has been deemed a imageryary for his indelible mark left on the artifice of glass-blowing over the course of his 40-plus-year simple machineeer. Born in Tacoma, Washington, in 1941, he is ofttimes credited with moving bl proclaim glass from craft into the subject of high fine art. Though he refuses to categorize himself as such(prenominal), he is a visionary of light, form and color. His Seattle based studio known as the hot shop, is w here(predicate) you can view demonstrations of his visions being created. Chihulys signature styles lie of baskets, orbs, ocean forms, chandeliers and pointy icicle towers that range in size and color. You can view them in the lobby of the Bellagio Hotel in Las Vegas or any unity of the two 100 museums where his scat resides. In 1976, while pick uping in England, Chihuly was driving to visit a friend of his when he was struck by another car and went with the windshield. The glass from the windshield blinded him in his left affe ctionateness and now, subsequently wears an eye patch covering that eye.He has lost his sagacity perception and has no peripheral vision on his left side. flavor at the world with integrity eye automatically flattens the scene, verbalize Margargont S. Livingstone, an expert on vision and the brain at Harvard Medical School. So how does a 3D glass-blowing sculpture artist continue to create such magnificent dresss? Instead of holding him back the accident changed the demeanor Chihuly executed his art and sh atomic number 18d it with others. after(prenominal) the accident, Chihuly no longer mat up safe manipulating molten glass, so a gaffer (as glass-blowers are called), took over the hands-on work and Chihuly expanded his team into something of an army. Ive oftentimes wondered what the inadequacy of depth perception, what it does for me, because its truly difficult to know where things are in space without two eyes. But somehow I think its probably made me see things cont rastingly, and probably made my work varied than somebody elses. (Chihuly) Chihulys team consists of about 90 people.Chihuly choreographs all of them, from glass-blowers, facilitators, shippers, packers, architects and engineers. altogether of his pieces start with his vision. His team is because responsible for accurately translating his vast vision into awe-inspiring, three-dimensional forms fit for museums, galleries, hotels and public gardens all around the world. He approaches separately new project essentially the selfsame(prenominal) way. I do rank visits and get a sense of the space and see how the art work will interact with the environment. (Chihuly) Each project whether its an exhibition or private commission begins with a vision, which I interpret into drawings and then work with my team to execute. (Chihuly) The process is long, especially if the finished product is composed of many small parts, or intended for a large outdoor installation.After Chihuly completes a drawing, each piece must be blown individually. This is when Chihuly often compares himself to a conductor or film director. Thats what a posture does he gets a group of people moving in the same direction with a common goal, but the vision is his. (Chihuly) I akin working with a team because one, you can do so often to a greater extent in the way of being influenced. The more creative they are, the more creative I am. (Chihuly) I like to work fast and quickly glass-blowing is a spontaneous medium. (Chihuly) with drawings and paintings, Chihuly continues to help his team see what he sees. He responds to what he sees and feels to develop forms and make variations on these forms. He is often heard directing his team, make it bigger, make it taller, make it fatter. (Chihuly) His sources of uptake are hard for him to define, I have never been good at explaining where my inspiration comes from. It comes from everywhere, from everything, from all things at all times.(Chihuly) When each piece is finished, they are then collected and assembled into one cohesive sculpture. His close knit team is all important(p) to his success and Chihuly acknowledges that. I work with different people in different ways, and at the end of the day, I feel extremely lucky that I have an immense team. (Chihuly) Nine years ago, the Museum of Fine Art in Boston, began its collaboration with Perkins School for the Blind, establishing a program where teenagers from the school visit the museum for trace the Form tours about every three weeks. Dale Chihuly volunteers his time and pieces for multiple demonstrations here as well as other select locations. Chihuly who himself is visually tab follows his Through the Looking Glass blown glass sculpture and explains through his interpretation, how he and his massive team create each piece. Chihuly hands learners pieces of the blown-glass sculptures, chandeliers, baskets and sea form objects, so they can understand the shape and feel thei r form.wildly vibrant color is Chihulys signature, but when he hands one student a piece he described it as carbon monoxide blue glass, she reminded him, I dont know what color is. He found another way to describe the deep hue. Another student with low vision was fascinated by a literal boatload of brightly colored glass. I love the boat with all the color in one place, mixed together, so you almost cant tell the shapes apart, he said. Touching the sculptures gave me an image in my mind of what it looks like, one student explained. It lets me paint a picture in my brain.Chihuly goes on to describe the ridges some of the students feel on the glass pieces, This one has been blown into an opthalmic mold, so the optical mold makes ridges on the glass, it kind of makes the edge difference around, undulating like scallops. (Chihuly) There is a whole visual world that our students are not connected to, at least not in barely the same way as people with sight, says Perkins Secondary Sc hool art teacher Bruce Blakeslee. Our fingers can show us details our eyes miss, and looking the Form gives our students stories, content, and context that even sighted visitors might not get. (Blakeslee) Students were zealous to explore the Chihuly glass artworks through touch and explanation.Art is like a room with many different doors. Our students may not enter it through the same door as others do, but were all in the same room. (Blakeslee) In conclusion, not only is Dale Chihuly a master at the art of blown-glass sculpture, but he has become a master at conveying his vision to his team and continues to produce beautiful and colorful forms of art. Through the loss of sight in his left eye, Chihuly has gained a new status on form and color. He enriches the lives of visually disabled individuals through his own unique perspective.