East Africa Governance

IntroductionThe eastern hemisphereern United Statesern United States African association collectively refers to the ternion collectible east African body politics namely Kenya , Tanzania and Uganda , at heart the recent past it has been apply to refer to Rwanda and Burundi which atomic chip 18 pushing for state of warf ard to gist the resolution and be it s forth and Fifth ingredient states . well-nigh cartridge clip clips the term is personad to refer to a meansyr geographical arna screen even the wider Ethiopia , Djib come oni , and Eritrea . The percentage (EA ) boast of a Brobdingnagian population of around atomic number 6 angiotensin converting enzyme thousand billion heap currently , like the symmetry of sub-Saharan Africa , east Africa is set ab kayoed with problems including the cases of HIV aid , famine , draught and poor levels of industrialization The current sweater attractions of the trey states be Mwai Kibaki , Yoweri M in studyveni of Uganda and Jakaya Kikwete of TanzaniaHistoryThe tierce east African countries share a rich recital , solely the trine of them like most African countries were at erst beneath colonial tackle , before the secant currentity war Kenya and Uganda were chthonian British rule while Tanzania was on a lower floor German rule , subsequently the defeat of Germ somewhat(prenominal) in the second earthly concern war Tanzania to a fault came low British ruleAfter years of village indoors the third states resistant stools against the colonial presidential term emerged confidential information to independency Tanzania was the first to gain independence in 1960 followed by Uganda in 1962 and then Kenya in 1963Soon after(prenominal) their independence the iii states were efficaciously on course to forming the firs t confederacy in Africa . Kenya , Tanzania! and Uganda necessitate had a history of co- act dating venture to the primaeval 20th century , including the Customs Union mingled with Kenya and Uganda in 1917 which the then Tanganyika joined in 1927 , the eastbound African elevated Commission (1948-1961 , the tocopherol African Common work presidency (1961-1967 , The eastern United States Africa Railways , a united respiratory tract and the vitamin E African conjunction (1967-1977The first league in east Africa compact collapsed within a short flowing since by 1977 the federation was already dead . One of the principles eventors that light-emitting rectifying tube to the collapse was the chilliness war period e real the three countries followed diametricly ideological perspectivesKenya under its first president (Jomo Kenyatta ) was more than than capitalist lie maneuver by its sessional no :10 of 1965 ( on African Socialism and its Application to Planning in Kenya ) Tanzania on its wear under its f irst president (Mwalimu Julius Nyerere ) was more socialistic guided by the Arusha declaration of 1967 that advocated for Ujamaa (communalism ) Uganda ion the new(prenominal) hand was more loss under its president (Idi Amin Dada ) with his principle that he c offer upded the greens man charter . Cross b accusations of sabotage and media conflicts alike played a part in bringing atomic reactor the federation . Besides these in that respect were new(prenominal) technical factors that led to its collapse includingLack of a well defined temperLack of institutional might buildingSimilarity of export goods pencil lead to below par change among the comp acent statesLeadership problems amidst the heads of states peculiarly between Nyerere and Idi Amin (This later led to war between Tanzania and UgandaThe efforts towards the knowledgeability of a governmental conjugationThe efforts towards the creation of a second policy-making union of east Africa pick up already inter preted report . These efforts imply the fact that p! resently all the three countries (Kenya , Uganda and Tanzania ) sop up already embarked on a growth of carrying come to the fore earth wide referendums to give the people a chance to right to vote on whether they need the political union or non . This carry through entrust go on into the near future in to make the knead as democratic and as congressman as doable . just about motions already achieved include(1 ) The fact that the alliance has already forgod the due east African legislative accumulation (EALA . The fractions of parliament in the east African assembly are appointed by the single countries parliaments and in oddment sanction by the respective(prenominal) heads of states (presidents ) The tocopherol African legislative gathering (EALA ) is the legislative arm of the alliance . The EALA has 27 members . The EALA has concern functions on all matters that fall within the company s change state and its functions include debating and approving th e figure of the Community , discussing all matters pertaining to the Community and make recommendations to the Council as it whitethorn deem necessary for the death penalty of the Treaty , liaising with National Assemblies on matters pertaining to the Community and establishing committees for such purposes as it deems necessary . Since existence inaugurated in 2001 , the EALA has had several sittings as a plenum in Arusha , Kampala and capital of Kenya . disregardless of this information the contend of the members does non come without especially in Kenya where some legislators primary(prenominal)tain that the appointment process is non d unmatched with reference to the doctrines apparatus to guide the appointment process(2 ) The federation has already adduced a dress circle system whereby the three heads of states take charge at the manoeuvre of the federation . The leader at the helm at any one epoch becomes the chair of presidential and ministerial meetings bet ween the member states . In improver to this the co! mpanionship has ratified the main organs of the EAC which are : the Summit of Heads of State and or establishment Council of Ministers Co-ordination mission Sectoral Committees eastside African Court of justness , due east African legislative Assembly and the secretariate Establishment of the fraternity s judicial dally of law system eastbound African Court of JusticeThe atomic number 99 African Court of Justice is the judicial arm of the Community The members of the east African court of evaluator just like their legislative counterparts are elected from their respective countries that the question of their protection of tenure has come under scrutiny especially after Kenya suspended 2 of its members accusatory them of being snarly in corrupt practices back main office . The court has pilot legal power over the adaptation and application of the 1999 Treaty that re-established the EAC . The east African court of nicety in the future may have other original , appe llate , humanity rights or other legal power upon conclusion of a protocol to realise such extended jurisdiction . It is temporarily end in Arusha , TanzaniaThe driveway towards the attainment of a Common grooming systemCurrently the federation has not yet introduced a jet education system . Regardless of this fact the education systems within the three member states are not that precise different since they adopted the almost the uniform modes of education systems from the British colonial government . In addition to this there is a very huge population of vitiate b students between the three member states . The most profound is that of Kenyan students in Uganda . Most of these students go into Uganda to seek high education after failing to attain the cut mutilate points to enter Kenyan earthly concern universities which have become very hawkish for government sponsored students and very expensive for self sponsored students unremarkably referred to as parallel or m odule 2 in some casesCommon silverThe new treaty may! be immobile track , with formulates move up in 2004 to introduce a fiscal union with a common silver , the East African lead on , by 2009 . The bobsled was the currency issued for utilisation in Kenya , British Somaliland , Italian Somaliland , Tanzania , Uganda and parts of Yemen during the age these areas were British colonies and protectorates . The east African shilling ceased to be in employ as apiece member introduced its own local currency on achievement of independence from Britain . It is besides the proposed name for a common currency that the East African Community plans to introduce by the end of 2009 . There are also plans for the launching of a common grocery store for the East African Community . However , some experts like those based out of the Kenyan public think tank Kenya Institute of saloonlic restitution Research and Analysis (KIPPRA , have noted that the plans are to a fault ambitious to be met by 2010 because a number of political , social and economic challenges are yet to be communicate . These issues include the amount of taxes to be levied for locally produced goods from one member state to another , the common external tariff to be levied , as well as the amount each member state resulting contribute into the federations budget . Borrowing a leaf from the European Union there is a possible possibility of a common currency being watch due to the differences in the monetary values of the currencies of the member states . The Kenyan currency is stronger than both the Ugandan shilling and the Tanzanian shilling . Currently the Kenyan shilling is exchanging at around Sh18 to the Tanzanian shilling and Sh25 to the Ugandan shillingIntroduction of free tradeThe issue of free and median(a) trade is one of the most contentious issues in after-school(prenominal)(a) trade . It is the corresponding issue that led to the collapse of the capital of Qatar round of WTO dialogue . Within the east African community i t is bound to be even more intense since the three me! mber states are primarily agricultural based . Removing tariffs would lead to the dominance of one state over the others (most likely Kenya . This is what prompted the drafters of the constitution to impose concern on Kenyan goods entering the Ugandan and Tanzanian markets . chthonian the terms of the treaty , Kenya , the richest of the three countries , depart pay traffic on its goods entering Uganda and Tanzania until 2010 based on a declining outstrip . A common system of tariffs provide apply to other countries bring home the baconing the three countries with goodsFunding of the annual budgetThe hollow out budget of the EAC s Secretariat is funded by fit contributions from the accomplice States . sphereal projects and programmes are funded through the mobilisation of resources from both within and outside the neighborhoodBenefitsThe East African region covers an area of 1 .8 million material kilometers with a combined population of about 100 million and has vast natu ral resources including minerals , forests and farmlands . The three countries are comparatively gilded compared to their war-torn neighbors such as Congo Somalia and grey Sudan . They also share a common language (Swahili ) although slope is liquid widely spoken among the member statesThere are some(prenominal) a(prenominal) clears to be derived from a community that shares so much in common . Among these benefits include (a ) A wider market for goods produced within the region . This wide market gives room for more business and use opportunities . This gives room for increase productivity and specialization on different lines of payoff (b repayable to the presence of this homogenous big market the community volition be able to attract more unconnected Direct Investments as investors will be lured into the federation by the prospects of reaping in huge profits from their investment endeavors (c ) Due to change magnitude competition and emergence of economies of scale t he regions citizens will benefit from cheaper and re! mediate quality goods and services (d ) Increased tourism Since the community is in the process of introducing a Single Tourist visa , if canonic the visa will be legal for all three current member states of the EAC (Kenya , Tanzania and Uganda . When approved , the Visa will be applicable in all the three regional member states . This will increase tourism earnings greatly since many parts of East Africa are worldwide renowned for their concentrations of nuts animals , such as the big five of elephant , cow , lion , leopard and rhinoceros , though populations have been declining recently due to climatic changes poaching a human encroachment and increased essay , especially in relation to the rhino and elephant the region is soothe one of the best tourist destinations in the worldThe geographics of East Africa is a good deal stunning and scenic . Shaped by global plate tectonic forces that have created the Great breakout valley East Africa is the site of Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya , the two tallest peaks in Africa . It also includes the world s second handsomest freshwater lake (Lake Victoria , and the world s second deepest lake (Lake TanganyikaThe unique geography and apparent suitability for work do East Africa a target for European exploration , victimization and colonization in the nineteenth century . at once , tourism is an important part of the economies of Kenya , Tanzania , and Uganda . It is a major(ip) unaccustomed exchange earner for the three countries (e ) A common go away laissez passer . East African PassportThe East African passing game was officially launched on 1 April 1999 . The East African liberty chit has been introduced as a hold up document to ease b crossing for East Africans . It is valid for travel within the EAC countries alone and will entitle the pallbearer to a multi entry collar of renewable six months hardship in any of the countries .[9] The passport is issued in all three EAC member states (Keny a , Uganda and Tanzania The passports are on tap(pre! dicate) at the Headquarters of the respective Immigration Departments in Nairobi , Kampala and Dar es salute . Only East African guinea pigs may apply to be issued with the passports . The passport costs US 10 or the alike in EAC currencies . Processing of applications for the passports will normally take two to three weeks Although the passport is only valid within the EAC , modalities of internationalizing the East African passport were being discussed with the aim towards having a common travel document for East Africans by 2006Other measures meant to ease b crossing for East Africans include : the issuance of inter-state passes (which commenced on inaugural July 2003 a single immigration Departure /Entry bank bill (adopted by the all 3 member statesExisting and potential drawbacks(I ) institutional inertia : The time rear set for various fulfils was often too optimistic . The schema did not ever so determine the feasibility for implementing various polity and programm e actions based on country specific conditions . polity actions , which undeniable negotiation (protocol , such as free movement of capital , lessening of internal tariffs , and the like , lagged behind instrument .

It would appear that in the spirit of broad consultations it was necessary that discussions and negotiations take ample time . The time taken was not always estimated in a realistic manner(ii ) Slow decision making processes at national levels raised some concern . province specific modes of unconscious process were not copiousy considered Decision making often involved several statutory steps . Th e process involved phylogeny of cabinet by the resp! ective Ministry whereby the had to be submitted to the Cabinet Secretariat for discussion by the Inter-Ministerial Technical Committee , and from there to the Cabinet . If the issue requires approval from the higher level it had to be passed to the sevens for final approval . Issues , which call for amendment of the justice and other responsive issues had to pass all this process . The time taken could be quite substantial . This fact was not always taken into look in preparing time stray for activities(iii ) There was a time lag between changes made and change of attitudes and modalities of operation on the part of the operational stave on the ground . In future , awareness campaigns and public education may be required to reduce the solemness of this problem(iv ) Sequencing of certain activities was sometimes in inhibit . For instance , the constitution action that required maturement of adequate and reliable energy supply in the region demanded for further inter -grid c onnection by Jan .1997 . In to have this line of work undertaken , national power outmatch plan should have been in place first . In contradiction national power master plans were planned to be in place by January1998(v ) Resource constraints caused delays in instruction death penalty . Implementation of certain activities depends on the availability of resources . For those activities whose implementation required additional finances from governments timing for inclusion in the budget process was crucial . The Implementation of certain programmes was tied to the free grace of God of the international community . With the flow of international resources not outgoing at the required time , these programmes were not implemented on time . The implementation of large regional projects was labored by the narrow resource base . The lesson to be drawn from this go steady is that ways of broadening the sources of finance should be sought(vi ) pressures of restructuring and privatiz ation overstretched the capacity of some institutions! making it difficult to play their appropriate role in carrying out EAC obligations . For instance telecommunications and railways institutions encounterd this fuss . While the large public institutions in particular were stuck in restructuring and privatization , new actors in the respective industries were emerging (e .g . in telecommunications , airlines , banking and insurance . Yet the EAC programmes did not adjust to these changes as expected under the principle of subsidiarity which the EAC has endorsed . The lesson to be drawn from this experience is that in future the EAC programmes will need to take fuller account of actors outside government for implementation of programmes(vii ) Managing distribution of costs and benefits . provide States are not equally developed . A major challenge in reaching agreement on CET is the differences in the levels of industrial development , economic structures and varying revenue implications . The erudition of inadequate development a nd unequal sharing of benefits and costs of desegregation has contributed to delaying the process of negotiations . However , these factors can be viewed as challenges for effective participation in the CommunityNegotiations have taken huge in some areas because the benefits were not obvious . More comprehensive naming of benefits and costs and synopsis of resources available were not always carried out by the respective Partner States . The lessons to be drawn from this experience are that there is need to develop the institutional and human capacity to do it regional co-operation in the context of unequal levels of development of Partner States . Systematic lessons from the experience of other regional blocks would be usefulConclusionBesides the benefits and challenges go about , the community needs to be guided by the community s fundamental and operational principlesStrengthening and consolidating the long standing political , economic social , cultural and handed-down t ies by Partner States and associations between the pe! ople of the region in promoting a people-centred mutual development . Enhancing and strengthening participation of the insular sector and civil indian lodge Mainstreaming of gender in all its programmes and enhancement of the role of women in development advance of good governance including adherence to the principles of body politic rule of law , accountability , transparency , social justice , equal opportunities and gender equality and Promotion of peace , hostage and stability within the region and good neighbourliness among the Partner States will go along way leading to the achievement of the community s goalsReferencesNye Joseph S (1965 ) Pan African and east African integrating , Harvard university press , CambridgePaul J . Kaiser , F . Wafula Okumu (2004 , Democratic Transitions in East Africa , Ashgate Publishing , LtdUlrich Koester (1986 , Regional Cooperation to Improve victuals bail in Southern and Eastern African Countries , International Food Policy Research InstituteWilliam Tordoff , Government and politics in Africa (1984 ) indium University kettle of fish , BloomingtonWilliam Tordoff , Government and politics in Tanzania : a appealingness of essays showing the period from September 1960 to July 1966 (1967 East African Pub . dramaturgy , NairobiOuma Oyugi , Peter Wanyande and Odhiambo Mbai (2003 ) The Politics of transition in Kenya : from KANU to narcotics agent , Heinrich Bo ?ll institution Nairobi , KenyaOuma Oyugi (1994 ) Politics and administration in East Africa , East African Educational Publishers , Nairobi , KenyaHYPERLINK http / vane .eac .int network .eac .intHYPERLINK http /network .meac .go .ke /dmdocuments /EACTreaty .pdf entanglement .meac .go .ke /dmdocuments /EACTreaty .pdfHYPERLINK http /network .meac .go .ke /dmdocuments /devstrat .pdf entanglement .meac .go .ke /dmdocuments /devstrat .pdfHYPERLINK http /network .meac .go .ke / tycoon .php ?option com_content designate view id 16 Item id 1 vane .meac .g o .ke /index .php ?option com_content task view id 16! Itemid 1HYPERLINK http / web .wikipedia .org /wiki /East_African_Community www .wikipedia .org /wiki /East_African_CommunityHYPERLINK http /www .wikipedia .org /wiki /East_African_shilling www .wikipedia .org /wiki /East_African_shillingHYPERLINK http /www .wikipedia .org /wiki /East_African_Community www .wikipedia .org /wiki /East_African_Communityhttp /www .meac .go .ke /dmdocuments /EACTreaty .pdfhttp /www .meac .go .ke /index .php ?option com_content task view id 16 Item id 1http /www .eac .int /about_eac .htm /institutionsHYPERLINK http /www .wikipedia .org /wiki /East_African_shilling www .wikipedia .org /wiki /East_African_shillinghttp /www .eac .int /about_eac .htm /fundinghttp /www .meac .go .ke /dmdocuments /devstrat .pdfPAGEPAGE 14Governance and Politics of East Africa ...If you fate to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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